Literature - Power and the Subject Essay -- Literature Essays Literary

Power and the Subject Power is a misnomer. An attempt to adequately define great power will in the end reveal more than about the invisible but all too real limits of language. Such a result may seem horrifying, a indicate assault on our sense of reason, and, perhaps, it is. Power resists the reasonable request to adhere to the boundaries of its own definition. Power can and upon occasion does exhibit a quality or intensity observed and captured in the written word yet there is something slippery which allows power to defy a totalizing description. Power is active. Write as we may, power will not be objectified. Any discourse on power thus begins with this disadvantage. There is much to be learned, however, from a study of power, knowledge more valuable than a simplistic definition. By focusing on where power exists and has existed we can also discuss how power relates to or has impact upon knowledge, ethics, and the individual. I mean that in human relations...power is alw ays present...These relations are changeable, reversible, and understandable (McCarthy 139). Like Foucault, my inquiry into power may be founded not in a desire to discover the adjust nature of power but to gain a new method of approaching and understanding human relations. A fundamental question that presents itself in the side of power and demands to be reckoned with is the question of the subject. A concept of the individual, whether seen as a historically bound effect of power like Foucault or an autonomous rummy creative force like Habermas, seems to underlie and shape any description, definition, or discussion of power. For the mom... ...niversity of clean York Press, 1992. McCarthy, Thomas. The Critique of Impure Reason Foucault and the Frankfurt School In Rethinking Power. Thomas E. Wartenberg Ed. New York State University of New York Press, 1992. Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty. More on Power/Knowledge. In Rethinking Power. Thomas E. Wartenberg Ed. New York State University of New York Press, 1992. Wartenberg, Thomas E. hardened Social Power In Rethinking Power. Thomas E. Wartenberg Ed. New York State University of New York Press, 1992. Young, Iris Marion. The Five Faces of Oppression. In Rethinking Power. Thomas E. Wartenberg Ed. New York State University of New York Press, 1992.

Free College Essays - Displays of Light in Paradiso :: Dante Paradiso Essays

Paradiso Displays of Light Dantes ascension throughout the entire Divine Comedy, namely that of his last book, Paradiso, is notedly marked by the variant displays of light and how it effects the poets. Quintessential to the purpose of this entire poem is the depiction of Paradise as a realm of light that exists in niner spheres, whose proximity to God varies directly with their merit, shown by the first three lines, "The glory of Him who moveth everything /Doth penetrate the universe, and shine/ In single part more and in some other less." (Dante, 293) In the closer spheres with the lesser radii, Dante notes the soft glowing lights, but as he approaches the centermost sphere, he attempts to describe the inexpressible gleaming of the vision of divinity, thus the issue of the theme of light running throughout the poem. The first appearance in the epoch of lighting occurs in Canto I where he refers to Paradise as " on the whole that hemisphere was bathed in light / The other dark." (Dante, 294) As he first enters heaven, he notes that its luminescence irradiates everything else around it, leaving it in total darkness. As he continues "Already did I rest content/ From great amazement but am now amazed/ In what way I transcend these bodies light." (Dante, 297) plainly this would only be the beginning of the amazement. This central theme of light again appears in Canto XXIII, where Dante contemplates the symbolism of Christ as light. "Outshining myriad lamps beheld I then/ one Sun who kindled each and all, as ours/ kindles the stars that throng his high domain/ and through the rays, poured down in living showers,/ the radiant substance, blazing on me, act/ my mortal vision beyond my mortal powers." (Bergin, 111) Thus, Dante realizes that has been enlightened far beyond the length of what reason can describe. The final instance in the recurring sequence of lights occurs at the very end of the poem where he, "by a ligh tning flash my mind was struck/ And thus came the fulfillment of my wish.

Critical Analysis of Research Papers -- Research Methods, Qualitative,

In this paper I will critically analyse the strength and weakness of using qualitative and quantitative to a item area of social work practice. The area of choice is childrens services with focus on two research findings in the area of performance measurement inside social work, with special emphasis on quality services and stability of placements for children looked after away from home. The two documents will be referred as Paper oneness titled Performance Targets and stability of Placement for children Long looked After away from home Harriet Wardan and Tricia Skuse (2002) and Paper two titled Defining Quality care for looked After Children Front line Workers Perspectives on Standards and all that(David Watson (2003). I have chosen to use nursing framework because Quantitative and Qualitative studies are different approaches to research and therefore need to be approach different with regard to critiquing Frances Ryan et al (2007) However, there has been considerable debate conc erning whether qualitative and quantitative research can be assessed using the same criteria may & Pope (2000). The critique will focus on issues like, title, theoretical framework, research design, methodology, data collection, methods, data analysis, rigour, findings, ethics, generalisability and flexibility. The title clearly indicates the focus of the study in both papers, but for paper two did not say the meaning of all that. According to Smith (1983) quantitative research is to explain, predict and develop laws that can be universally applied and Qualitative research is the interpretation and understanding of what people give to their situation. The researchers clearly stated the purpose of their studies, aim, objectiv... ...tative method because are interested in how run-of-the-mine people observe and describe their Silverman (1993). There are debates on why qualitative and quantitative can be combined because the two approaches share the goal of understanding the world i n which we live Haase & Myers (1980). However, Reichath &Rallis (1994) argued that the two paradigms are incompatible if the qualitative paradigm assumes that there are no external referents for understanding reality. Howe (1988) suggests that researchers should gush ahead with what works. Quantitative research makes no attempt to have personal relationship with the people being studied and to account of their view. The accounts include feelings, beliefs these being image of feminist work. Feminism holds on to qualitative method because are interested in how ordinary people observe and describe their Silverman (1993).

The Scarlet Letter :: essays research papers

Authors Background Nathaniel Hawthorne was born inSalem, Massachusetts on July 4th, 1804. Hawthorne livedpoor due to his fathers expiration when he was four, nevertheless he washelped by relatives and enrolled in college where hedisplayed an interest in committal to writing. In college, he met a friendwho would prove to be an priceless help Franklin Pierce,future President of the United States. In 1825 he graduatedand lived with his uncle in Salem for 12 years, devoting histime to reading, writing, and scrapping for publication. Hespewed out several stories, but few sold for over $35 each.In 1837 Hawthorne took a job in the Custom- planetary house inBoston. He grew bored with this work and the peoplearound him, however, up to the point where he wrote TheCustom House as an introduction to The Scarlet Letter. Inthis introduction he showed the dull life of working in acustom house. From the Custom-House, he left for BrookeFarm. During his time at Brooke Farm, he met such thinkersas Emmerson and Thoreau. He also met and courted SophiaPeabody, and left Brooke Farm with her in 1842 to stay at"Old Manse", the Emmerson homestead. When Emmersonreturned to Old Manse, Hawthorne left and went to Salemto live with Sophia. From this point, Hawthorne won a jobat the Salem Custom-House due to a political appointmentfrom his college friend Franklin Pierce. However, when thepolitical winds changed to Zachary Taylor, he lost his joband devoted himself to writing at his wifes insistence. Theresult was The Scarlet Letter, which was the beginning of asuccessful series of books including The House of SevenGables in 1851, The Blithedale Romance in 1852, andTanglewood Tales for Boys and Girls in 1853. With thissuccess and the aid of President Franklin Pierce, he wasappointed as US consul to Liverpool, England. This was areward for writing Pierces biography. Hawthornes finalyears are sketchy. On a voyage back to Plymouth, NewHampshire, he became deathly ill and died on May 19,1864. He was buried on Concord, Massachusetts. LiteraryPeriod and Setting Literary Period Romanticism andTranscendentalism Setting Boston, Massachusetts. USA1842-1849 Characters Hester Prynne A) Hester was abeautiful young woman who lives in Boston, Massachusetts.She is proud and strong, but commits the transgression of adultery withReverend Dimmesdale while her husband is supposedly inEngland finishing up some work. Pearl is the product of thissin and Hester is forced to wear a scarlet letter "A" on herbosom for the rest of her life to show her sin. Isolated fromthe community, Hester is forced to rise a step higher than

Anti-Theme Writing :: Teaching Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Anti-Theme Writing All writers of the world join together and work to banish theme writing from existence. Anyone who can charter and write must join together in opposition to the nurtureing and proliferation of the theme writing disease. Theme writing blocks insight and creativity among the worlds population who in striving for an education must be continually oppressed, and denied a very important ability, the ability to think. For hundreds of years the world has been divided into three major classes, the boredwajzee, the studentletariat, and the illiterate. The boredwajzee consists of scholars, teachers, and professors who teach theme writing and continually oppress the other classes by blocking creativity and insight. They instill a fear of failure using the tools of a cross grading ashes that works to promote the writing of the theme. Theme writing takes the personal interest out of education and greatly affects the student striving to smoothen the ability to think. The edu cation and promotion of writing in theme creates educated students, but students not educated to think for themselves. At a very archaean age when theme writing is instilled in the minds of our young people it serves the very purposes of the boredwajzee. Taking away a students ability to think by promoting theme writing keeps the boredwajzee in power by creating an apathetic student. A student who neither pitys to write, nor thinks when writing. This promotes stability in our current educational system. A system where the evil tools of grades are used by the boredwajzee to ensure the creation of an educated yet apathetic student who writes only to please the boredwajzee. All the while, unbeknownst to the student, idea and creativity are oppressed and the boredwajzees power is preserved.The class of the studentletariat is then work into the ideal student to ensure the survival of the boredwajzee. The student does not care about what is written as long as it conforms to the basic methods taught by the boredwajzee. The studentletariat at a very early age loses the ability to think and be creative in their education. Ultimately what is created is apathy, a student that does not care to go beyond what is taught. A student who no longer learns for the sake of accomplishment but only does just enough to please the boredwajzee. The studentletariat hold no personal interest in what is learned and therefore the perfect student is molded by the boredwajzee.

Anti-Theme Writing :: Teaching Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Anti-Theme Writing All writers of the world join together and work to banish stalk report from existence. Anyone who can read and write essential join together in opposition to the teaching and proliferation of the theme authorship disease. Theme writing blocks insight and creativity among the worlds population who in striving for an command must be continually oppressed, and denied a very important ability, the ability to think. For hundreds of years the world has been divided into three major classes, the boredwajzee, the studentletariat, and the illiterate. The boredwajzee consists of scholars, teachers, and professors who teach theme writing and continually oppress the other classes by blocking creativity and insight. They instill a fear of failure using the tools of a corrupt grading placement that works to promote the writing of the theme. Theme writing takes the personal interest out of cultivation and greatly affects the student striving to fine-tune the ability to thi nk. The education and promotion of writing in theme creates educated students, but students not educated to think for themselves. At a very early age when theme writing is instilled in the minds of our young people it serves the very purposes of the boredwajzee. Taking away a students ability to think by promoting theme writing keeps the boredwajzee in power by creating an apathetic student. A student who neither c atomic number 18s to write, nor thinks when writing. This promotes stability in our current educational system. A system where the evil tools of grades be used by the boredwajzee to ensure the creation of an educated yet apathetic student who writes unaccompanied to please the boredwajzee. All the while, unbeknownst to the student, thought and creativity are oppressed and the boredwajzees power is preserved.The class of the studentletariat is then molded into the ideal student to ensure the survival of the boredwajzee. The student does not care about what is pen as lon g as it conforms to the basic methods taught by the boredwajzee. The studentletariat at a very early age loses the ability to think and be creative in their education. Ultimately what is created is apathy, a student that does not care to go beyond what is taught. A student who no longer learns for the sake of learning but only does just enough to please the boredwajzee. The studentletariat hold no personal interest in what is learned and therefore the perfect student is molded by the boredwajzee.

Post-conflict peacebuilding in Afghanistan

AfghanistanThe aim of the following essay will be to evaluate the touch on which the ISAF and peace-keeping efforts by the United Nations have had on the peacebuilding process in Afghanistan, following the US military intercession in Operation Enduring Freedom. Following twain Anglo-Afghan wars, Afghanistan gained independence in 1919 and joined the League of Nations. Its example was followed by other states which gained independence from imperial domination and governance, which following the establishment of the United Nations resulted in the constitution of the contemporary geo-political order (Rubin, 2006). Afghanistan was built by the co-ordination of flows of foreign aid and when the aid flows were directed towards the sponsoring of opposing military forces, a civil war erupted, eventually leash to the collapse of the state as the flows of foreign aid were stopped (Rubin, 2002). For most of its known history, Afghanistan remained a heterogeneous and tribal state having mul tiple and trothing legal, heathenish and political systems (Dupree, 2002 Simonsen, 2004). When the Soviet Union withdrew in Afghanistan in 1989, the Taliban gained supremacy within the state and the miss of consensus lead to the eruption of a civil war (Matinuddin, 1999). The breaker point of 1992-1994 in Afghanistan was one of chaos and civil war, as the opposition factions failed to form an effective coalition government, thus leading to a civil war (Coll, 2004 Maley, 2009). In the aftermath of the terrorist attacks of 9/11, the US and a Coalition of other states to initiate a war on terror, a result of the Talibans refusal to sustain in the apprehension of Al Qaedas leader Bin Laden (Rubin, 2013). Following the re-capturing of the capital by the Allied forces and the dispersal of the Taliban, the foundations of Afghanistans re-structuring were stack out in the UN Bonn Agreement (UN, 2001). In summary, it set out the path for a transition towards a western-style constitution al democracy with signifi lavatoryt emphasis organism placed on human rights, social justice and gender equality (Nesiah, 2004).ISAF Mission Following Operation Enduring Freedom and the liberation of the capital Kabul, the UN auspices council passed Re theme 1386 with which it layered the foundations of the ISAF, which was deployed initially in Kabul. The ISAF was set to operate in close cooperation with the both the UN and the Afghan government whilst working the countrys reconstruction and the training of its bail personnel (ISAF, 2014). Its key disperseicipation in the reconstruction process was manifested by the establishment of Provisional Reconstruction Teams in provinces in the blue and western parts of the country (ibid.) Initially, ISAFs mandate was constrained to providing bail in the capital city, but following the UN Resolution 1510 in 2003, its mandate was spread out so as to digest security throughout the countrys territory (ISAF, 2014a). The supranational Sec urity Assistance Force is representative of all NATO piece state countries and over the years has been broadened so as to include troops from non-member states such as Australia and New Zealand (ISAF, 2014b). The activities of the ISAF and its mission objective can considered in verge with strategies utilised for state-building and peace-making (Rose-Ackerman, 2001). During its mandate from 2001 onwards, the ISAF has been established as the main provider of national security within the country, whilst at the same time training the newly organise Afghan National Army (ANA) and the Afghan National Police (ANP) (ISAF, 2014). In addition to providing security on a national scale, the ISAF has been actively involved in the demobilisation, disarmament and reintegration (DDR) of rogue militants, thus enabling the state to claim monopoly over violence (NATO, 2013). Until the expiry of its mandate at the end of 2014, the ISAF will continue to jockstrap the transitional state to train its own security forces as part of international efforts to ensure stability within the country and ensure that a nonaggressive transition from the civil war onto a more democratic pathway of governance is achieved.Evaluating ISAFDefining both success and failure in peacekeeping missions is a difficult task due to lack of consensus with regards to their definition (Druckman et al. 1997 Bellamy and Williams, 2005). It has alike been suggested that peacekeeping is more likely to succeed in more developed states and in countries where the stopping point toll is minimal (Fortna, 2004). If one is to use the latter framework, then all efforts in Afghanistan are likely to be in vain. More recent enquiry has identified six factors which appear to be of meaning(a) relevance the successful deployment of available resources, overlap of interest among key stakeholders, emphasis on continuous conflict regulation, external cooperation as well as recognising the specific environment in which the conflict has taken place (Wolff and Dursun-Ozkanca, 2012). In the case of Afghanistan however, the US-led invasion had no assoil strategies for a state-building process (Ayub and Kouvo, 2008). As a result, the initial focus on the war on terror lacked a clear direction at it failed to provide a clear division between short-term goals of pacifying the terrorist threat and the longer-term peace-building process within the country (ibid). The invasion of Afghanistan was not about promoting security bur instead reducing the spreading sense of insecurity in the US (Nesiah, 2004).The state-building process that followed had no clear goals and was characterised by competing paradigms, as well as incompatible agendas (Weinberger, 2002 Rubin, 2006 Suhrke, 2012). It can be argued that the Taliban resurgence in 2005 and consequent lack of security in the country precluded any substantial democratization effort. However, this ignores the causal relationship between the both failure of the po litical process, and an incoherent US/NATO military strategy, which provided the vacuum and space necessary for the Taliban and other counter-systemic actors to establish and expand their influence in the country (Suhrke, 2008). think to the incoherent military strategy is the limited impact of the DDR process that was to strengthen the position of the ISAF (Reynolds, 2006 Saikal, 2012). The expansion of ISAF outside of Kabul also played a significant part in the escalation of the conflict (Suhrke, 2011). The escalating war ratcheted up the demand for rapid and visible results, both within Afghanistan and from domestic audiences in the contributing countries. To deliver quickly and visible results, the interveners adopted measures that undermined basic precepts of state-building and by extension its contribution to peacebuilding. In order to rapidly create Afghan military capacity, for example, the international forces started rearming the militias (Lefevre, 2010). A bighearted a mount of resources were diverted towards training the ANA, whereas the lack of training for the ANP produced problems for the ISAF, mainly in terms of corruption and human rights abuses (Beljan, 2013). The establishment of PRTs throughout the country was seen as the solution for providing security and reconstruction at the same time (ibid.). However, their activity was characterised by lack of clear objectives, lack of a clear commanding structure and lack of resources (Sedra, 2005). This lack of coherence is not only characteristic of the PRTs themselves, but rather to the lack of a clear strategy for the operation of ISAF (Sperling and Webber, 2012), as the establishment of security needs to run parallel to economic development as part of restructuring efforts. As it was noted, the availability of resources for peacebuilding has a significant impact on the successful declaration of a violent conflict. Yet, the large flows of unconditioned aid are said to re-create the environment in which the civil war in the 1990s erupted and evolved (Goodhand and Sedra, 2007). Afghanistan is also a challenging case for the study and application of peace conditionalities, as the Bonn Agreement itself only legitimised a victors peace, leaving the Taliban sort of potent. Secondly, the dual nature of the process should be emphasised building peace in a climate of ongoing war. The approach adopted by the adherence forces, to create a security force whilst at the same time failing to provide an institution that is to be responsible for its management is yet other reflection of the prioritisation of short-term goals over peace-making and state-building in the longer term (Sedra, 2005). Although reconstruction has been a top priority and used as a political chopine during the first parliamentary elections (Wilder, 2005), the international spending has emphasised security over reconstruction (Rubin, Hamidzada and Stoddard, 2003). The long-standing conflict itself has resulted in the development of a war economy (Felbab-Brown, 2005 Fielden and Goodhand, 2001) in which it is difficult for the emerging democratic state to claim monopoly over violence. Facing considerable historical and institutional constraints, the UN Assistance mission in Afghanistan, a part of which is ISAF, has found it difficult to implement its ambitious democratisation mandate (Tadjbakhsh and Schoiswohl, 2008 Saikal, 2012). In conclusion, despite ISAF has achieved some successes in the training of Afghanistans security forces and improving security (Beljan, 2013), it is difficult to claim to the mandate and goals which were set as its main tasks have been achieved. Over the period of reconstruction the country has been relying on foreign aid for the criminal maintenance of its structures, it is still a fragile state on the brink of re-emerging conflict, as there is still a lack of a clear political solution among the different interest parties in the country.BibliographyAyub, F. an d Kuovo, S. (2008). Righting the courseHumanitarian intervention, the war on terror and the future of Afghanistan. International Affairs, 84(4), 641-657.Beljan, R. (2013). Afghanistan Lessons Learned from an ISAF Perspective. Journal Article May, 30(2), 30am. Available at http//smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/afghanistan-lessons-learned-from-an-isaf-perspectiveBellamy, A. J., & Williams, P. D. (2005). Whos keeping the peaceregionalization and contemporary peace operations. International Security, 29(4), 157-195.Coll, S. (2004). Ghost wars The secret history of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet invasion to September 10, 2001. New York Penguin.Druckman, D., Stern, P. C., Diehl, P., Fetherston, A. B., Johansen, R., Durch, W., & Ratner, S. (1997). Evaluating peacekeeping missions. Mershon International Studies Review, 151-165.Dupree, N. H. (2002). ethnic heritage and national identity in Afghanistan. Third World Quarterly, 23(5), 977-989.Felbab?Brown, V. (2005). Afghan istan when counternarcotics undermines counterterrorism. Washington Quarterly, 28(4), 55-72.Fielden, M., & Goodhand, J. (2001). Beyond the TalibanThe Afghan conflict and United Nations peacemaking. Conflict, Security & Development, 1(03), 5-32.Fortna, V. P. (2004). Does peacekeeping keep peaceInternational intervention and the duration of peace after civil war. International studies quarterly, 48(2), 269-292.Goodhand, J., & Sedra, M. (2007). Bribes or bargainsPeace conditionalities and post-conflictreconstruction in Afghanistan. International Peacekeeping, 14(1), 41-61.ISAF (2014). Mission. Available at http//www.isaf.nato.int/mission.html ISAF (2014a). History. Available at http//www.isaf.nato.int/history.html ISAF (2014b) Troop poem and Contributions. Available at http//www.isaf.nato.int/troop-numbers-and-contributions/index.phpLefevre, M. (2010). Local Defence in Afghanistan. A Review of Government-backed Initiatives. Kabul Afghanistan Analysts Network.Maley, W. (2009). The Afgh anistan contends. Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan.Matinuddin, K. (1999). The Taliban Phenomenon in Afghanistan 1994-1995. Oxford Oxford University Press.NATO (2013). ISAFs Mission in Afghanistan. Available at http//www.nato.int/ bicycle/en/natolive/topics_69366.htm Nesiah, V. (2004). From Berlin to Bonn to Baghdad a space for infinite justice. Harv. Hum. Rts. J., 17, 75.Reynolds, A. (2006). The curious case of Afghanistan. Journal of Democracy, 17(2), 104-117.Rose-Ackerman, S. (2001). Trust, honesty, and corruption reflection on the state-building process. European Journal of Sociology, 42, 27-71.Rubin, B. R. (2002). The fragmentation of Afghanistan province formation and collapse in the international system. Yale University Press.Rubin, B. R. (2006). Peace Building and State-Building in Afghanistan constructing sovereignty for whose security?. Third World Quarterly, 27(1), 175-185.Rubin, B. R. (2013). Afghanistan from the Cold War through the War on Terror. Oxford University Press .Rubin, B. R., Hamidzada, H., & Stoddard, A. (2003). Through the Fog of Peace Building Evaluating the Reconstruction of Afghanistan. Center on International Cooperation, New York University.Saikal, A. (2012). The UN and Afghanistan Contentions in Democratization and Statebuilding. International Peacekeeping, 19(2), 217-234.Sedra, M. (2005). Civil-military relations in Afghanistan The provincial reconstruction team debate. Canadian Institute of Strategic Studies.Simonsen, S. G. (2004). Ethnicising Afghanistan? inclusion and exclusion in post?Bonn institution building. Third World Quarterly, 25(4), 707-729.Sperling, J., & Webber, M. (2012). NATOs noise in the Afghan Civil War. Civil Wars, 14(3), 344-372.Suhrke, A. (2008). A contradictory missionNATO from stabilization to combat in Afghanistan. International Peacekeeping, 15(2), 214-236.Suhrke, A. (2011). When more is less the international project in Afghanistan. New York Columbia University Press.Suhrke, A. (2012). Waging War and Bu ilding Peace in Afghanistan. International Peacekeeping, 19(4), 478-491.Tadjbakhsh, S., & Schoiswohl, M. (2008). Playing with fireThe international communitys democratization experiment in Afghanistan. International Peacekeeping, 15(2), 252-267.United Nations (2001) Bonn Agreement. Available at http//peacemaker.un.org/afghanistan-bonnagreement2001Weinberger, N. (2002). Civil-military coordination in peacebuilding the challenge in Afghanistan. Journal of International Affairs-Columbia University, 55(2), 245-276.Wilder, A. R. (2005). A House Divided? Analysing the 2005 Afghan Elections. Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit.Wolff, S., & Dursun-Ozkanca, O. (2012). Regional and International Conflict Regulation Diplomatic, Economic and Military Interventions. Civil Wars, 14(3), 297-323.

Congo Poverty

need has worse in the Republic of congou since the 1980s and half the sylvans great deal now live be humble the impoverishment line. This average, however, masks wide geographic and economic inequalities. Most of the hoidenishs abject spate (64. 8 per cent) live in rustic argonas and women ar among the hardest hit by poverty. In 2006, more than a third of children under five in unpolished areas suffered from malnutrition. access code to water is also poor in rural areas where only 11 per cent of pot hind end get water compared with 75 per cent of multitude in urban areas.Rural people also have a higher unemployment rate with boney to 50 per cent of the economically active rural creation being out of work. Young people and vulnerable groups are particularly hard hit. The countrys turbulent history a troubled renewing from centralized planning under a Marxist government to a market economy, in concert with economic mismanagement, military coups and brutal civil con flict during the nineties have all left their marks. The vital national rail line and adjacent rural roads forming the Congos economic lifeline were ruined.At the height of the conflict, about genius third of the countrys people were displaced. The chronic financial crisis became acute and the financial sector came close to collapse. Poverty became deeper in the rural areas of the Congo where poor people are now powerless, vulnerable and isolated. Transportation cost are very high which seriously hampers teeny producers access to markets. HIV/AIDS affects 5. 3 per cent of the population, notwithstanding affects the 15-49 year age group the most and is an obstacle to reducing poverty in the Congo.An estimated 90,000 adults and children were sustenance with HIV/AIDS at the end of 2003. The government supports a multi-agency initiative implementing a ten-year programme to assist people living with HIV/AIDS. Who are the Congos rural poor people? Although half the countrys people l ive be suffering the poverty line, the poorest people are in rural areas where they earn a livelihood as are small-scale farmers and fishers. There are also poor people living in peri-urban areas who have no access to destroy. Beca economic consumption of the low population density in rural areas, access to land is not a major problem for most rural people.But in peri-urban areas, where small plots can be profitable, land has extend a scarce resource, and people without access to land or off-farm employment are the poorest of the poor. The most vulnerable of all poor people are young people and women, who are the prime agricultural producers and processors. Where are they? Poverty is most severe in the Congos rural areas where people are more isolated and there is little investment. Why are they poor? Despite the countrys huge potential, there are several causes of the poverty in the Congo * microfinance in rural areas is almost non-existent low agricultural productivity as a res ult of traditional cultivation methods, insufficient use of inputs such as improved seeds and planting materials and fertilizers * vehicles, access roads, crossings and navigation channels are in very poor condition which makes transport and other costs high * difficulties in marketing because of weak collection and scattering organizations, basic processing equipment and a frail communication system connecting producers, traders and consumers. Not to be conglomerate with the neighboring Republic of Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo has become the poorest country in the world as of 2010.Democratic Republic of the Congo was known as congou tea until 1997. Congo is the largest country in the world that has French as an official language the population of D. R Congo is about six million larger than the population of France (71 million people in D. R Congo vs 65 million in France). The Second Congo War beginning in 1998 has devastated the country. The war that involves at least 7 foreign armies is the deadliest conflict in the world since World War II by 2008 the Second Congo War and its event had killed 5. 4 million people.Congo PovertyPoverty has worsened in the Republic of Congo since the 1980s and half the countrys people now live below the poverty line. This average, however, masks wide geographic and economic inequalities. Most of the countrys poor people (64. 8 per cent) live in rural areas and women are among the hardest hit by poverty. In 2006, more than a third of children under five in rural areas suffered from malnutrition. Access to water is also poor in rural areas where only 11 per cent of people can get water compared with 75 per cent of people in urban areas.Rural people also have a higher unemployment rate with close to 50 per cent of the economically active rural population being out of work. Young people and vulnerable groups are particularly hard hit. The countrys turbulent history a troubled transition from centralized pla nning under a Marxist government to a market economy, together with economic mismanagement, military coups and brutal civil conflict during the 1990s have all left their marks. The vital national rail line and adjacent rural roads forming the Congos economic lifeline were ruined.At the height of the conflict, about one third of the countrys people were displaced. The chronic financial crisis became acute and the financial sector came close to collapse. Poverty became deeper in the rural areas of the Congo where poor people are now powerless, vulnerable and isolated. Transportation costs are very high which seriously hampers small producers access to markets. HIV/AIDS affects 5. 3 per cent of the population, but affects the 15-49 year age group the most and is an obstacle to reducing poverty in the Congo.An estimated 90,000 adults and children were living with HIV/AIDS at the end of 2003. The government supports a multi-agency initiative implementing a ten-year programme to assist p eople living with HIV/AIDS. Who are the Congos rural poor people? Although half the countrys people live below the poverty line, the poorest people are in rural areas where they earn a livelihood as are small-scale farmers and fishers. There are also poor people living in peri-urban areas who have no access to land. Because of the low population density in rural areas, access to land is not a major problem for most rural people.But in peri-urban areas, where small plots can be profitable, land has become a scarce resource, and people without access to land or off-farm employment are the poorest of the poor. The most vulnerable of all poor people are young people and women, who are the primary agricultural producers and processors. Where are they? Poverty is most severe in the Congos rural areas where people are more isolated and there is little investment. Why are they poor? Despite the countrys huge potential, there are several causes of the poverty in the Congo * microfinance in r ural areas is almost non-existent low agricultural productivity as a result of traditional cultivation methods, insufficient use of inputs such as improved seeds and planting materials and fertilizers * vehicles, access roads, crossings and navigation channels are in very poor condition which makes transport and other costs high * difficulties in marketing because of weak collection and distribution organizations, basic processing equipment and a frail communication system connecting producers, traders and consumers. Not to be mixed with the neighboring Republic of Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo has become the poorest country in the world as of 2010.Democratic Republic of the Congo was known as Zaire until 1997. Congo is the largest country in the world that has French as an official language the population of D. R Congo is about six million larger than the population of France (71 million people in D. R Congo vs 65 million in France). The Second Congo War beginning in 1998 has devastated the country. The war that involves at least 7 foreign armies is the deadliest conflict in the world since World War II by 2008 the Second Congo War and its aftermath had killed 5. 4 million people.

French company Essay

In October, a french alliance (seller) and a Shanghai company (buyer) have set up a nip of selling 200 sets of electronic computers (1000 USD each), and the payment sh each(prenominal) be made according to the irrecoverable letter of credit. And the delivery should be made on celestial latitude at Port de Marseille. On November 15, Bank of mainland China Shanghai Branch (issuing bank) made a $ 200,000 irrevocable letter of credit according to the instruction of the buyer and licensed a French bank in Marseille to notify and negotiate this letter of credit. On declination 20, the seller loaded the 200 computers on board and got the prime of lading, insurance policies, invoices and other documents as required by the letter of credit. And then it went to the Marseille bank for negotiation.Upon review, the documents be consistent therefore the bank had paid $ 200,000 immediately to the seller. At the same metre, 10 days the cargo ship left the harbor of Marseilles, the cargo, alo ng with all the slap-ups, sank into the sea in a heavy storm. By that time the issuing bank had received the undivided set of the documents and the buyer had already agnisen the total prejudice of the goods. Bank of China Shanghai Branch intends to recoup the negotiating bank to pay the purchase price of $ 200,000 on the grounds that its customers can not expect the goods. In accordance with international trade practices, the following questions are askedWhen would the risk of the consignment be transferred from the seller to the buyer ? Whether Issuing bank would exempted from the payment obligations due to the total freeing of the goods, If so, on what basis? How to compensate the loss of the buyer?Case Study1. The bump shall be transferred from the seller to the buyer since the goods were loaded on board at the port of shipment. 2. The issuing bank has no right to refuse payment. According to the International Chamber of Commerce Uni draw Customs and Practice for Documentar y Credits, the letter of credit transactions are self-supporting from the bargains contract. And the Bank is only responsible for document examination. As long as the documents are in line with the terms of the credit, the banks are required to dissemble its payment obligations. 3. The buyer could claim compensation from the Sellers insurance company with other relevant insurance documents and proof of the sinkage of the cargo ship.I. Time context of use* In October, a French company (seller) and a Shanghai company (buyer) have set up a contract of selling 200 sets of electronic computers (1000 USD each. And the delivery should be made on December at Port de Marseille. * This transaction is only made for 2 months consisting of its selling contracts and delivery.* On November 15, Bank of China Shanghai Branch (issuing bank) made a $ 200,000 irrevocable letter of credit according to the instruction of the buyer and commissioned a French bank in Marseille to notify and negotiate th is letter of credit. * November 15 is the start of Bank of China Shanghai Branch issuing the letter of Credit to the French bank.* On December 20, the seller loaded the 200 computers on board and got the bill of lading, insurance policies, invoices and other documents as required by the letter of credit. And then it went to the Marseille bank for negotiation. * December 20, start of complying all the requirements and documents needed in Letter of Credit.* At the same time, 10 days the cargo ship left the harbor of Marseilles, the cargo, along with all the goods, sank into the sea in a heavy storm. * This is the last event happened and the cargo didnt delivered as what the buyer expects.II. ViewpointWe should consider this problem from the viewpoint of the French company, they are liable for negligence because from the very start they didnt ensured the possible factors may arise when delivering. They must always contemplate selecting a good transit carrier, the weather conditions,cu stoms clearance, reliability and etc. The French company must fix all this difficulties so that they can still maintain a good and harmonious relationship once the Shanghai Company made a second transaction with them, and must comply with the partys agreement.III. Related Facts* irrevocable Letter Of Credit ILOCCorrespondence issued by a bank guaranteeing payment for goods and function purchased by the one requesting the letter. An irrevocable letter of credit, or ILOC, cannot be canceled or modified in any way without uttered consent by the affected parties involved. For example, the issuing bank has no power to change the terms of an ILOC exactly because the letter requester is having second thoughts. It should be noted, however, that ILOCs are in effect only for a specified time period and do, in fact, expire at a pre-determined point.* Bill of LadingA legal document between the shipper of a particular good and the carrier detailing the type, quantity and destination of the g ood universe carried. The bill of lading also serves as a receipt of shipment when the good is delivered to the predetermined destination. This document must accompany the shipped goods, no matter the form of transportation, and must be signed by an authorized representative from the carrier, shipper and receiver.* Insurance PoliciesA contract (policy) in which an individual or entity receives financial protection or reimbursement against losses from an insurance company. The company pools clients risks to make payments more affordable for the insured.* InvoiceIt is a detailed bill left by vendors and outside suppliers for goods or services rendered to a company. Typically, it lists the quantity of each item, prices, billable hours, a service description, and a contact address for payment. While some expenses may be paid out of a general fund or petty cash account, an invoice is usually paid through an payable department by the posted due date.* Letter of creditA letter from a bank guaranteeing that a buyers payment to a seller ordain be received on time and for the correct amount. In the event that the buyer is unable to make payment on the purchase, the bank will be required to cover the serious or remaining amount of the purchase.* Issuing BankA bank that writes a letter of credit, especially on behalf of an exporter. The issuing bank operates in the untaught of the importer, and facilitates trade between the importer and exporter by providing credit for the transaction. It is also called an opening bank.* SellerThe seller or salesperson the provider of the goods or services completes a sale in response to an acquisition or to an appropriation or to a request.* BuyerA buyer or merchandiser is a person who purchases accurate goods, typically for resale, for a firm, government, or organization. (A person who purchases material used to make goods is sometimes called a purchasing agent.)IV. Statement of the Problem* When would the risk of the consignment be transferred from the seller to the buyer ? * Whether Issuing bank would exempted from the payment obligations due to the total loss of the goods, If so, on what basis? * How to compensate the loss of the buyer?V. General Objectives1. For the French company to cope with the problems arise during the delivery of the goods. 2. To identify French companys acquired big loss and how they can replace the goods.VI. Specific objectives1. Both parties should know the consequences of their agreement once it is not delivered properly. 2. To identify and analyze well the mistake of French company. 3. The Shanghai bank must be capable of reimbursing the negotiating bank.VII. Alternative Causes of transactionAction no. 1 The buyer shouldve complied with the insurance company of the seller immediately after the event happened Give 3 advantages for action 11. Risk Cover2. Protection against rising goods expenses3. Future helpsGive 3 disadvantages1. Pay commission for the agent2. You can only us e insurance if you gain loss.3. It be moneyAction no. 2 The seller shall have alternative service delivery. Give 3 advantages for action 11. To have a stockpile method once the delivery didnt work as it is.2. To avoid wasting of time and reach the due time.3. Greater securityGive 3 disadvantages1. It will cost much for one party.2. It will enable company to have more data to encode.3. Lower profit.Action no. 3 make used of LC instead of Irrevocable LCGive 3 advantages for action 11. Can be canceled or modified in any way without explicit consent by the affected parties involved. 2. Guaranteed payment upon presentation of the documents specified in the terms of the letter of credit. 3. The buyer cannot refuse to pay due to a electric charge about the goods.Give 3 disadvantages1. Subject to the financial strength and stability of the Issuing bank 2. More expensive than other methods of payment 3. Requires a uplifted level of expertise to successfully navigate the processFindingsIt is apparent from the case that the seller is the most problematic party of all because they hold the big loss on goods, at the same time they made the wrong choice of method for delivering goods which subjected to higher cost.RecommendationThe French company must improve their facilities so that when the calamity strikes again there is a high probability that they will carry through. And dont forget to approach the shanghai company that the cargos will be arrived to them late.Continue to explore better ways of integrating technology into instruction on a daily basis, including providing training and support for the company.ConclusionsThis paper has presumption an account of and the reasons for the agreement between French company and Shanghai Company to be deliberate. The seller must be liable for any damages happened in spite of appearance the incident while the buyer is secured by insurance company for what they lost, especially their money. No one was to blame for that scenari o, each party just did what is supposed to do and it is only due by nature thats why it is wrecked.Action plansThey must design and implement assessment and differentiated instructional strategies that enable the company to achieve competency and right decision-making.They must also charge on the second action Made used of LC instead of Irrevocable LC because it is the most important, it carries the whole transaction and will make the agreement more clarified.S.M.A.R.T.(The company must possess this 5 skills)S = Specific an objective should be precise and should focus on a single result. A specific objective answers the questions, who, what, where, and how?M = Measurable an objective should include specific criteria or measures that indicate whether the objective has been met. A good measure answers the question, How will we know if we have accomplished the objective?A = Achievable an objective should be attainable and within the centers or programs reach.R = Realistic an objective should be realizable given the time, resources, and activities proposed and available.T = Time-bound an objective should include the date it will be started and the date the center expects to complete it.

Police Force Abusing Their Power

I am interested in law enforcement. Police officers is angiotensin-converting enzyme of the three most all-important(prenominal) components of the criminal justice system of the United States. There are three different types of law officers they are Federal, State, county. The basics to release a Police officer is you have to be 21 of age and have no felonies. Another basic is you have to go through learning which is called BLET, basic law enforcement Training. In 1626, the New york City Sheriffs office was founded. I chose this topic because police officer are an very important to the society.They are important to save our lives like troops are saving us everyday. is my advisor. My product will be challenging and a learning experience. It is a challenge because police officers issued equipment is not easy to obtain as a civilian. Im looking for a man/woman who is a police officer or has been through basal Law Enforcement Training. I understand that plagiarism, which is represe nting the ideas of others as many own without giving proper credit, is an unethical and illegal practice which can result in knockout academic and/or legal consequences.It is for this reason that avoiding plagiarism, whether during Senior Project, or at any other time, is of great importance to me as a student. Being a student, by its very nature, means developing and practicing high ethical standards and that means avoiding plagiarism. Therefore being aware of plagiarism and academic integrity will be benefit me both now, during the work of this project, and later on during any post-secondary learning I may

Compare and Contrast How the Main Protagonists Experience Being Outsiders Within Their Respective Societies.

Compare and contrast how the main protagonists escort universe foreigners inside their respective societies. The experience of being noncitizens is explored by William Shakespeare in Othello, Emily Bronte in Wuthering Heights and Robert brown in his Dramatic Monologues. Shakespeare explores the theme of alienation through a character considered an outsider by the society in which he lives in. Similarly Emily Bronte explores Heathcliff and the obstacles he faces at Wuthering Heights. Brownings Dramatic Monologues illustrate the minds of insane lovers who are completely possessive and delusional.In all the three texts the outsiders are jilted and are to an extent responsible for their own position in the society. While some are underprivileged others deprive and nearly punish themselves for not being accepted. The characters within the three texts are undoubtedly affected by their otherness and feel ostracised by those who surround them. In Wuthering Heights, Heathcliff is an outsider because he is never accepted as give away of the Earnshaw family. He is described as a dark-skinned gypsy and this prevents him from being acknowledged as a foster brother to Catherine and Hindley.Mr Earnshaw was the only character Heathcliff could trust, however Hindley began to terrorise and mistreat him which do him feel unwanted. He labelled him as a beggarly trespasser and an imp of Satan. However, the most eccentric aspect of Heathcliffs character is his name. He is referred to as simply Heathcliff and does not carry the Earnshaws last name, as he is not blood related. Furthermore the name Heathcliff is a name of a deceased son of Mr Earnshaw, therefore Heathcliff is seen as an inferior character who is take of a sense of identity.Similarly in Shakespeares Othello the protagonist is a black military man, alone inappropriate Heathcliff he is considered to be a noble and humble soldier amongst the Venetian heap. Othello seems to be proud of his heritage and his achievements and although he is a foreigner, he is seen as a useful character that gutter bring winner to the city of Venice. From the beginning of the play he is referred to as a moor and thick lips by both Iago and Roderigo. This may suggest that Iago and Roderigo are simply green-eyed that an outsider can receive so much recognition from their own people.Both Othello and Heathcliff are labelled for their differences by characters that see no place for them in the community. Othellos vocation is not the only aspect of his life that is envied by characters his spousals to Desdemona evidently causes problems with her father, Brabantio, but also fuels Iagos jealousy and hate. Brabantio accuses Othello of enchanting his daughter and apply witchcraft to lead her astray as she would not have loved him voluntarily. It seems contradictory to allow Othello to fight the citys sieges, but oppose his marriage to a Venetian woman.Othellos marriage to Desdemona grants him a theoretical citi zenship, where he would have to be recognised as a Venetian. Othello is a agencyful invention within the society and it is patent that he favours it above any nation. In spite of this, Brabantio, and Iago in particular, feel that this is an invasion of their country. His otherness impedes him from being an equal and although he is seen as a virtuous military leader, society would not accept his relationship with Desdemona.Likewise Heathcliffs relationship with Catherine cannot be accepted by society, but unlike Othello, Heathcliff is not a respected or useful member of society thus society cannot tolerate someone they wont benefit from. Robert Brownings Dramatic Monologues illustrate the minds of characters that become psychotic and aim to possess their lovers. My Last Duchess presents a manipulative and heartless Duke, who is completely make redundant by his wife. Browning presents the Duke as a character who lacks remorse and whose jealous spirit introduce us to dark and sinist er qualities.He portrays his character as naive and swinish even after the death of his wife. Brownings choice of not allowing the Duke to blame himself for his failed marriage and realising that he is an outsider builds on the image of a psychotic character that volition not rehabilitate any time soon. Heathcliff similarly does not accept that he is in the vilify. I do hate him- I am wretched I have been a fool Isabella realises the extent to which her naivety has played a role in Heathcliffs evil intention. Heathcliff on the other hand his not regretful for the way he used Isabella as a means to an end and his plan to terrorise Hindley and Edgar.The Duke has not clear how his actions had an impact on his wife, not mentioning that he himself poped her. He is not sorry for the way he behaved but Isabella on the other hand has realised her wrong doing and is at this point regretful. Both Heathcliff and the Duke continue to live life on the outside and have not taken the opportu nity of renewing themselves to be accepted. The Duchess rejected the Duke by disregarding the expensive gifts he brought for her. Heathcliff too is rejected by Catherine and later by Isabella. How very black and cross you lookAnd how- how funny and pitiful But thats because Im used to Edgar and Isabella Linton. Catherine has begun to distance herself from Heathcliff because shes realised that there would be a possibility of the two living as beggars, while life with Edgar will aid Heathcliff to rise. He therefore no longer had someone on the same wavelength as him. This ulterior indigence Catherine had, which she believed would reward both her and Heathcliff, demonstrates Catherines naivety to the social structure of the Victorian era and the limitations set by society.The fibber in The Last Ride in concert is also rejected by his mistress but in contrast his acceptance of this makes him dissimilar to the Duke and Heathcliff. In this poem Browning portrays human success and the li mitations people face. Although the lovers life has been meant for fails, he has accepted his fate with his mistress and so accepts his failure of not being able to get her as part of his success. Othello on the other hand has major success in wooing Desdemona which could suggest that the rejection and success these characters receive could reflect the extent to which they are seen as outsiders.Porphyrias lover is depicted as an outsider like the Duke but the fabricator in this poem is far more psychotic. Brownings use of speech communication indicates that Porphyria is from a higher class than her lover gay feast, dripping cloak and shawl, soiled gloves paints an image of a wealthy and independent woman. There is a clear issue of class and wealth in both of these Browning poems and it seems to be the root of the problems faced by the lovers. In Wuthering Heights money and power is also a major issue which causes the unfortunate events endured by the protagonist.When Heathcliff re turns to the Heights as a gentleman in dress and aspect rather than a scavenger, there is a rise in his wealth and power. Although he abuses his new status to fulfil is evil intention, he has conformed and it now appears that he is compliant. unlike Heathcliff, Porphyrias lover doesnt conform so that he feels up to par to Porphyria, instead his jealousy of her escalates into murder. Wealth and class are important issues to care when considering the position of an outsider. Othellos otherness is overlooked because his power and status dictates his class and wealth and his overall reputation.On the other hand the Duke believed that his wealth was enough for his wife. His psychopathic nature separated him from the Duchess, restricting her liberty and autonomy. The Duchess position as a substandard wife could have peril the Dukes role as her husband and made her a liability to his wealth and reputation. In comparison, Heathcliff is also a threat and his otherness makes him, not only an outcast but a menace to the formal system. Edgar Linton dislikes the fact that Heathcliff is interfering with the already constructed and workable social constitution by behaving in a way that suits him.Edgar Lintons reaction to Catherine welcoming a hoyden servant as a brother proves that his presence can cause conflict within the family unit as well as the community. I shall be as dirty as I please and I like to be dirty, and I will be dirty. Bronte uses particular language to let on a noncompliant and inflexible character whose principles dominate his logic. The semi colon and comma suggests that Heathcliff is trying to convince both Catherine and himself that his decision to remain an outsider is the objurgate choice. Desdemona is equally a threat to Othello as she is able to tarnish his reputation which de oks him as a man.Iago has made Othello believe this but it is in fact Iago who feels threatened by Othellos success and achievements. Iago may not want to rise in soci al superiority but seeing someone being regarded as an honourable character makes him resentful. The Laboratory describes a psychotic and revengeful female character whose husband favoured Pauline and Elise, other women besides her. Browning uses religious references to wee an image of the narrator before she became a deranged outsider. Empty church, to pray God in, the narrator has mazed her faith in Christianity and her plan to kill proves this.Killing goes against one of the Ten Commandments, Thou shall not kill. No proper Christian will contemplate murder knowing that it is against their religion. This could suggest that the narrator has lost her faith in God after losing out on love. Christianity also says Thou shall not commit adultery and her ex lover broke this commandment. The narrator here is unreasonable as she is trying to make two wrongs a right because despite her ex lover committing adultery her plan to kill will not make things right. Shakespeares use of imagery d raws attention to the division between black and white or good and bad between Othello and Desdemona.When Othellos views begin to resemble Iagos, he becomes cynical about women and relationships. His race becomes more of a problem and Desdemona is referred to as that cunning whore of Venice instead of a fine/fair woman. Her name that was fresh is now begrimed and black as mine own face, Desdemona is now seen by Othello as an outsider as much as he is seen as an outsider by Iago. He views himself and Desdemona blackballly due to his presumption of her infidelity. Desdemonas actions have reflected on Othello and this has made him almost blames himself for being an outsider and particularly for being black.Iago win over Othello that Desdemona would want somebody more like herself, white, middle class and defiantly someone who can be acknowledged by her father as an appropriate suitor. It could be said that he views himself and Desdemona negatively because he doesnt fit the requiremen ts Iago created and made him believe. The narrator in The Laboratory however does not perceive herself in a negative way. I am here she thinks she has outsmarted her ex lover and his mistress but has failed to realise that she is an outsider and her actions are those of an immensely psychotic and jealous person.This has made her see her ex lovers relationship with his mistress as negative instead of understanding that she will soon be in the wrong too. Porphyrias lover is similarly in denial as he has convinced himself that his actions can be justified. No pain felt she this quote shows that the lover is adamant his actions have not caused any problems. I am quite convinced(predicate) she felt no pain, here he tries to manipulate himself into thinking his actions were correct by eliminating any doubts in his mind. Iago greatly benefits from this tactic by victimisation it on Othello but Porphyrias lover is trying to control himself and his mind.He has an inability to differentiate right from wrong as well as not being able to distinguish his fantasy from reality. Browning presents this as the beginning of the poem by using pathetic fallacy and personification to describe his jealous and irrational character,tore the elm-tops down for spite. Browings use of verbs such as awake and vex compares human qualities to that of nature, the wind destroys the elm-tops but Porphyrias lover goes moreover than this and commits murder. The setting is personified to reflect the lovers characteristics and so the coming events are somewhat foreshadowed.To conclude, the main characters in all the three texts experience alienation within their respective societies. While for some it is due to their psychological impairments others do not quite fit in the social establishment. They are expected to keep within their boundaries as they may cause disturbances to the community. It can be suggested that the outsiders own morals and values are being pushed aside which may rage them to conform. Bibliography Spark notes York notes advance Othello and Wuthering Heights www. elitenotes. com Work count 2,176

Democracy – Essay

That is to say we want to analyze the meaning of orbit and its efferent forms, study its efficiency (so to say), ponder over its limitations and comp atomic number 18 It to other forms of government. Whether res publica was conceived of In Athens, Sparta or India Is not a topic of Interest In this paper (although there may be references to historical events In the evolution of the Idea when pertinent). What does democracy mean? Democracy comes from the Greek rule of the people. But as I searched for a definition of democracy in the course of research for this paper, a consistent deflation of it seemed to elude me.So we must examine some of these definitions ND try to find a core to the idea of democracy, if there exists unrivaled. Bunch of different ideas and quotes atomic number 18 out thro on internet Put about 4-5 of them here and discuss if them from a current or historical perspective.. Vive written pig one for u The right to dissent without repercussions to ones personal well-being is the core value of Democracy * Nathan Shrank Discuss quotes such as this to evaluate how these Ideas are Implemented In practice.. All this should snap up about 500 words..The only core value seems to be people get to elect their government.. How much of he peoples rights are respected aft(prenominal) that greatly varies.. Forms of democracy Representative.. Constitutes parliamentary and liberal(most democracies are these) Constitutional Direct Socialist Totalitarian .. Discuss all these About 300 words.. A critique of democracy An illusion There was no stone-pelting, nothing. There was no curfew They fired indiscriminately. (http//www. Lengthened. Co. UK/news/world/salsa/Kashmir-burns- again-as-India-responds-to-dullest-Walt-violence-2045905. HTML).The above was said by Abdul Rasher, a Kashmir youth whose friend was gunned down by Indian army officials for holding a peaceful, non raving mad, anti-government rally in the summer of 2010 But tons was not an anomaly In ten turn AT democracy In IANAL . Kashmir still remains the most militaries zone in the world with about a half a million legions on active duty (for the sake of comparison, the United States had about 165,000 troops in Iraq at its peak)(I read these fugues on CIA. Gob.. I dont remember the exact attach ). How is that a government for the people is killing its own citizens for holding a nonviolent demonstration?How is such a huge implementation of a state of matter in a democracy justified? Even a basic understanding of the ideas of freedom and liberty that democracy entails shows how abhorrent these actions are. But these things happen, not effective in India, but in other developed counties like the United States Pansies Americans in 1942), where the rights of their citizens are violated Just when they would want to exercise them. So one must ask, are democracies really for the people? A study of history of government brutality in countries like India and the United States se em to suggest otherwise. The near forceful takeaway of land by theIndian government in eastern India from farmers (actions which directly led to the Nasality-Moist insurgency, something the current prime minister of India called the single biggest internal gage challenge ever faced by our country. ( http// www. Ploughshares. Ca/libraries/Execrate/CAR-Lillian. HTML)), seem to suggest otherwise. The locking up of Japanese Americans in internment camps in 1942 by Franklin Roosevelt and the Unites States government seem to suggest otherwise. The indiscriminate shooting of unarmed, nonviolent Kashmir youths (some as young as 9 ears old)shouting Acadia Said (freedom Freedom ) by Indian security officials seem to suggest otherwise. One gets the idea. So maybe people like Vilified Parent and Agitate Masc. are correct subsequently all. The masses are always characterized by apathy and division, the powers to be by drive and unity (Femme, Joseph V. Against the Masses, Oxford 2001). Maybe a ll democracy does is shift the power scale, from domination by a despotic leader to manipulation by a democratic government. Maybe the people dont really have much of a say after all. Maybe its Just an illusion.Majority rule Majority always gets its way.. Discuss gay rights.. Civil rights in us.. Womens rights historically.. Religious parties like ship seen in Iambi.. Rising superstition of secularism in India.. Majority rule can get tyrannical and the minority issues ignored when people get to decide resolutions to minority issues. The irrational voter The lift out argument against democracy is a five minute conversation with the average voter. Winston Churchill Talk about how the common man is largely ignorant about right issues and hence can vote against his/her interests.. An greatly discuss the recent midterms in us to straighten out this point Basically our saying if we must solve scotch issues we talk to economist.. If we must solve environmental issues we talk to clim ate scientists.. If we are talking bat what to teach in science class we take the consensus of scientist not what the common people of the state think (talk bat teaching creationism in schools.. A lot of states in us have majority of it people wanting(p) creationism be taught as science even though almost no scientist believe it to be science) Not everything should be up for a vote..Economically inefficient Our a better person to write bat this Idealistic now Its Nora to apply macerate principles In practice Corrupt officials.. Apathetic citizens.. Uprisings etc.. Instable Frequent elections make the government instable Castillo of examples on the internet bat this.. Best we have? It has been said that democracy is the worst form of government except all the others that have been tried. - Winston Churchill compare democracy to other forms of governments like dictatorships, communist states, anarchist, socialist,etc.. Define ND discuss each with respect to western liberal democrac y.. Eve done some of it for anarchist Anarchist Anarchists are those who advocate the absence of the state, arguing that common sense would allow people to come together in agreement to form a functional society allowing for the participants to freely develop their own sense of morality, ethics or principled behavior. (from wisped). One such current society is Somalia, and it would not be hyperbole to suggest they are not doing very well. The lack of a state and police have led to nationwide lawlessness, violence and parallel the country into utter chaos.I think Somalia really characterizes the severe consequences of not having a state and is not a direction one would want their country to go in. bighearted people all the power has resulted in the most powerful and the most brutal of them to take power and the rest of people losing all freedom(ironically). Conclusion/reflections either form of government has been deemed the best by its people at its peak of popularity (the soviet s considered socialism to be the best form of government until the collapse of USSR). Democracy power be the best we have, but not the best we could do.It needs to evolve as times and conditions change. When fissures arise in its implications, they must be aptly turn to instead of wallowing in the supposed preferences of democracy by saying things like Hey, its the best we have. But most of all people need to consider that the power that comes with democracy is not a privilege, its a duty that must be exercised to give it any real meaning. People need to understand the violent convulsions the state of things have gone through so they ay live in a democracy, it is not something to be taken for granted.People need to substitute their subservience with an lying-in of their hard won independence. But I must confess, all the above paragraph may Just be an empty howl to the tamed and the convenient population that constitutes most modern democracies. We may have already fulfilled Alou d Huxley prophecy of us becoming a trivial culture, drowning in a sea of irrelevance (Brave new world-aloud Huxley). So even as gays are treated as second class citizens and young gay teens are committing felo-de-se by significant embers, Americans are more busy voting for the adjacent American idol than care for Prop 8.Even as corruption and immorality in Indian politics continues to eat away at the nations very fabric of the nation, its citizens are preoccupied with arguing about the squad that was picked for the Indian cricket teams next tour of wherever and pondering which Plywood movie must they see next. Hence, for all of Lemons passionate singing about power to the people, the hard truth great power Just be that the people dont want power, they want pleasure, and therein lies the inherent flaw of democracy.

Higher Education Institutions Essay

Higher Education Institutions adopt to continually adapt to meet the needs of educatees, employers, and society in general. In order to meet these needs, the theoretical familiarity and skill-based components required by graduates when entering the workforce must be constantly reviewed. As a consequence, academics suit constant challenges in developing innovative dogma coiffes, activities promoting skill development, and assessment tasks which will equip graduates with the necessary employability skills for their profession, for lifelong learning, and for self-development.The use of wistful practice as an integral component of undergraduate assessment and skill development is observed across a variety of academic disciplines. Reflective practice is typically employ across these disciplines to engage students in the development of self reflection skills and abilities, and in contextualizing the links between theoretical companionship and maestro experience and outcomes. Refl ective practice can be defined as a learning process involving the examination of individual critical incidents and behaviors, the deconstruction of one experiences in light of knowledge held, and the returnant formation of new knowledge which can be applied to person-to-person or professional practice (Davis, 2003 Klenowski & Carnell, 2006 Murphy, Halton, & Dempsey, 2008 Pedro, 2005). Reflective practice is self-regulated, and engages the learner in a process of relating theory and practice (Kuiper & Pesut, 2004 Lesnick, 2005 Pavlovich, 2007).Research has indicated that the development of reflective practice skills, and the engagement of higher education students in this process allows for the examination of how own(prenominal) experiences prompt learning, and how this learning relates to professional experience (Bates, 2008). The process of engaging in reflective practice allows the development of personal and professional skills which lead to an integration of personal knowled ge and experience, academic theory and knowledge, and relevant professional experience (Donaghy & Morss, 2007 McMullan, 2006 Thorpe, 2004). In addition, this newly integrated and formed knowledge, through guided facilitation or supervision, can thusly be applied to future professional outcomes and experiences (OHalloran, Hean, Humphris, & Macleod-Clark, 2006).Recent research highlights the need for reflective practice processes to be contextualised to the post-graduation employment sector students atomic number 18 preparing to practice indoors (Boud & Falchikov, 2006 Lesnick, 2005 Pedro, 2005). As such, it is recommended that student assessment be based upon students developing the skills for work which are needed beyond the university experience. Encompassed within the development of these skills, is the need for students to reflect upon and venture their learning experiences and achievements, determine how adequate their performance has been, critically engage in a process of selfreflection, and evaluate their performance (Hinett & Weeden, 2000 McMullan, 2006). This process initiated and developed through the teaching of and engagement in reflective practice, leads students to self-direct their learning, and work-tasks, identify and be motivated to develop areas for multifariousness, and promotes further learning. Hence, learning is contextualised through reflective practice (Boud & Falchikov, 2006 Lesnick, 2005 Pedro, 2005).It is important to note reflective practice is not only beneficial to undergraduates, but also to university tutors, lecturers, and course coordinators (Clegg, Tan, & Saeidi, 2002 Crow & Smith, 2005 Pedro, 2005 Thorpe, 2000). Not dissimilar to that observed in students, the process of assessors examining student assessments containing prose create verbally in the form of reflection, places academics in a position to question the perceived needs of students, and the curriculum being taught relative to (i) what modules are being tau ght in the curriculum, (ii) why specific curriculum modules are included within the course syllabus, (iii) if the curriculum modules are effective in meeting student and workplace needs, (iv) if curriculum modules need to be changed to better address the perceived needs and skills of students and workplaces, and (v) how can the identified curriculum modules be changed (Pedro, 2005).The analysis of student reflections can lead to an examination of the pros and cons of the electric current course curricula, and the redevelopment and realignment of this curricula to enhance student learning and skill development (Bulpitt & Martin, 2005 Kember, McKay, Sinclair, & Jess Heerde & Berni Murphy, Reflective Practice Annotated Bibliography, 2009 4 PageWong, 2008). Furthermore, the transferability of skills from higher education into the workplace may be enhanced, and the employment opportunities for students post-graduation increased through assessment of student reflections (Bulpitt & Marti n, 2005 Harris & Bretag, 2003 Pedro, 2005).It was my third semester being a student suck in where I posted at Hospital Selayang. The accidents happened on Thursday morning. There are about 8 patient on beds and some of them are tractions, having a exasperate dressing on leg and some having amputation. At that condemnation, our CI is not around because she has to handle 2 protects. The accident occur when one of staff nurse assign me to do simple wound dressing.I and one of my members prepared all equipment needed to do wound dressing. After we finished completing equipment, we immediately go to the patient and start to dressing. Because of ward are too busy, we decided to do without any handle by staff nurse. During dressing, the sister suddenly came and saw us do the dressing without supervise by CI. More badly, we forget to put inco-pad below patient leg.The sister shouted us to stop the dressing and leave from the patient. The sister said that we are not allowed to do any p rocedure without supervise by our CI. Then she blame us for not obey the guide line of wound dressing. I have to do a report about what occurred just now. After being scolded by sister and CI, I felt guilty and cant stop think about it just a simple wound dressing I had do a demerit.At that time, I still blaming myself for the mistake I have done. I never thought that it will happen to me. I was shocked and feel scared because I not doing the procedure in supervised by my own CI and caught by sister in ward. This is the first time I heard sisters voice and facing in front of me. I became numb, speechless(prenominal) and my mind turns to blank and empty. I felt very guilty and I cannot stop thinking it every time I went to posting area. I felt very stressful because sister was annoyed. I will take this accident as a great lesson to quarter a change in me in future.As I analyzed and encounter the situation, I reflect myself on how it could be occurred and happened to me. the first and the main hint are, I felt very confident in accomplishing the wound dressing procedure. This is because I felt that the procedure was simple so I obey the road map of wound dressing in which I forgot to put incontinence pad and failed to maintain sterility on my field.Beside that, because of lack of knowledge I had also made my dressing procedure become complicated to handle. I also realized that my level of knowledge of wound dressing still low. Little experiences are not enough to master wound dressing procedure.Furthermore, I realized by doing the procedure without supervised by CI of staff nurse. I made a big mistake which is not followed the role as a student nurse. I should not do anything without supervised by CI. Obey CI information is a bad behavior that I have to change to be a good student.In my point of view, I feel that the situation could change in the future is I must do more practice on my wound dressing procedure. At this time, I need more knowledge to answer sisters question and most importantly, I must be careful in maintaining sterility so that I will not be scolded by sister.The implication of mistaken the wound dressing principle to the institution are, the students from same institution will be rejected from that hospital because of less quality. The student nurse will encounter self low-esteem to face patient because of their seniors.Plus, the family members will lost belief in our work and not allow the student to do any procedure on the patient. Besides that, they will not trusting to my own institution and we have to hand over to staff nurse in-charges.In my recommendation, I could improve my skill to change in the future by a continuously practice in neutralize way of dressing. The retell practice of wound dressing will help me to enable a good skill on that procedure. My theories are still in lower position. So, I have to gain more knowledge and information to make it perfect.The skill will be more skillful by supervise fr om the CI. She will correct any error while I am doing any procedure and added with some brilliant point. Beside that, I must make sure that all equipments are complete without missing any apparatus in doing wound dressing. I have to double check to minimize risk of forgotten equipment. With all this, the result of being mistake will be zero.I am not aware that all nurses should being in a collaborative network that comfort partnering with others. This is because most of the nurse today receive perception during their orientation to a clinical position or coaching for a special project or promoting they are spires them.Beside that, I also being aware that if someone to be more perfect to done a wound dressing. We must need a concept of mentoring in nursing and suggest its strongest relationship is as a teaching learning process for the socialization of nurse scholars and scientists and the proliferation of a body of professional knowledge (steward and Krueger, 1996). This is becaus e a student a student must need a help from their CI will tell his or her student for what is incorrect or what is right.I also being aware of the nurse need to broaden their connection with others so that each nurse is introduced to the multiple benefits of being network. This is because of my scenario I did get any connection the staff nurse to observe me done a dressing made my mistake. it would be advantages to begin getting involved with this mentoring nub early in ones career. It is known that nurse who had been mentors tend to mentor other (Vancer & Olson (1998) Yoder (1998))In this scenario, I have learnt from my experience need an mentoring in nursing encompassed a guided experience, formally or in formerly assigned, over a mutually agreed-on period, that empowers the mentor and mentee to develop personally and professionally with the egis of caring collaborative competent, and respect environment.

Procurement Ethics and Quality of Goods Procured in Uganda

MAKERERE UNIVERSITY PROCUREMENT ETHICS AND QUALITY OF PRODUCTS PROCURED IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR (A CASE STUDY OF THE MINISTRY OF deeds AND TRANSPORT) BY KIYO MWENDA MUCHIRI 07/K/3250/EXT SUPERVISOR MR ANTHONY TIBAINGANA A RESEARCH REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE pillage OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF COMMERCE OF MAKERERE UNIVERSITY. JULY 2011 DECLARATIONI Kiyo Mwenda Muchiri, do hereby decl ar that procurance morals and reference of products procured in the general sector is entirely my own original work ,except where acknow guideged,and that it has non been giftted before to any former(a) institution of juicyer learning for the gift of degree. Signed Date. NameMr Kiyo Mwenda Muchiri APPROVAL This inquiry to a poorer placewrite has been submitted for examination with my approval as the weeddidates university supervisor. SignedDate NameMr Anthony Tibaingana DEDICATION This seek work is dedicated to my dear m new(prenominal) MERCY MUTHO NI MUCHIRI for the continued love support and motivation whitethorn God bless you very much. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would worry to accognition the contri pushion provided by the individuals and insituition menti championd below. First and beginning(a) i would equal to recognise the constant support and contri unlession provided by supervisor Mr Antony Tibaingana. Special reference goes to my loving aunt Nelly Karimi for her continued moral support love and c be.Special thanks goes to the supply of ministry of running(a)s and beguile and amproc foreign for their contribution to the completion of this work. My sincere gratitudes also goes to collegues George,Nelson,Kibet,Dickson. Omar,Oscar and Nyambati who i adopt shargond my time of theatre of operations with for their support by come forward the course of my pack. TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTPAGE DECLARATIONi APPROVALii DEDICATIONiii ACKNOWLEDGMENTSiv TABLE OF CONTENTSv number OF TABLESix LIST OF FIGURESx ACRONYMSxi ABSTRAC Txii CHAPTER ONE1 1. 1Background of the Study1 1. 2 statement of the Problem3 1. 3 Purpose of the Study4 . 4 Objectives of the Study4 1. 5 Research scruple4 1. 6Scope of the Study4 1. 6. 1Time Scope5 1. 6. 2Subject Scope5 1. 6. 3Geographical Scope5 1. 7Signifi goatce of the Study5 CHAPTER TWO6 LITERATURE review6 unveiling6 2. 1 morality6 2. 1. 1 procural Ethics6 2. 2How Ethics is t in allyd in Public Procurement6 2. 3Ethical Issues in Procurement. 8 2. 3. 1 corruption8 2. 3. 2Conflict of Interest11 2. 3. 3Donor Interest12 2. 3. 4Delayment of Funds13 2. 4 woodland13 2. 4. 1Quality of Products13 2. 4. 2Determinants of Quality14 2. 4. 3Public Procurement and trenchant Quality Products and ServiceDelivery. 15 2. 5Public Procurement16 2. 5. 1Procurement in the Ministry of dally and Transport17 2. 5. 2Procurement Cycle in the Ministry of kit and boodle and Transport18 2. 5. 3Procurement Methods Followed in the Ministry of Works and Transport19 2. 6Effects of Un ethical Procuremen t20 2. 7Conclusion21 CHAPTER THREE22 entre22 3. 1Research Design22 3. 2 Survey cosmos22 3. 3 Sampling Design22 3. 3. 1Sampling Size22 3. 4 generator of discipline23 3. 4. 1 original Data23 3. 4. 2Secondary Data23 3. 5Data Collection Methods23 3. 5. 1Observation23 3. 5. 2Survey24 3. Data Collection Instrument24 3. 6. 1Questionnaire24 3. 6. 2Documentary review24 3. 6. 3Interview guide,24 3. 7Data Processing Analysis and Presentation24 3. 7. 1Data processing. The research worker after gathering the entropy then edit formula classify and tabulate the information. 24 3. 7. 2Data analysis. 24 Data presentation. 24 CHAPTER FOUR25 PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS, DISCUSSION AND INTERPRETATION25 entering25 4. 1Demographic Characteristics of Respondents25 4. 2Findings on how products be bribed in the g everyplacenance27 4. 3 Findings on ca roles of wrong example in procurance31 4. Findings on the relationship amongst ethics and none of computables procured33 4. 5Ethics in the Orga nization38 CHAPTER FIVE39 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS39 Introduction39 5. 2Summary of decisions39 5. 2. 1Findings on the procurance surgery followed under the Ministry of Works and Transport. 39 5. 2. 2Findings on the ca practices of wrong get in procural in the ministry of Work and Transport. 39 5. 2. 3 Findings on what is the relationship betwixt procurement ethics and type of product procured. 39 5. 3Conclusions40 5. 4Recommendation40 5. 5Areas for further research40REFRENCES41 APPENDICES42 APPENDIX ( i)Questionnaire42 APPENDIX (ii)Interview guide47 LIST OF TABLES TABLEPAGE defer 1 present Sample Size23 put off 2 demonstrate answer rate of doents25 delay 3 Showing the age of the respondents25 knock back 4 Showing the train of Education26 Table 5 Showing Marital status27 Table 6 Showing how long one has worked for the Organization27 Table 7 viewing whether procure requisition atomic number 18 handled on time28 Table 8 Showing whether procedures f ollowed helps in procuring note products29 Table 9 Showing whether products procured are of character30Table 10 showing whether nerveless enforcement mea veritable of procurement law supplys to unethical practice31 Table 11 Showing whether moral debasement in the society is a ca using up of unethical educates32 Table 12 Showing whether unethical practice of bidder contributes to unethical top by staff33 Table 13 showing whether the giving medication code of ethics contributes to choice products universe procured35 Table 14 showing whether suppliers suffer organization specification of quality products36 Table 15 showing whether unethical practice staff has resulted in procurement sad quality products. 36LIST OF CHARTS FIGURE. PAGE Chart 1 Showing gender of the respondents26 Chart 2 Findings if get requisition utilize are from the user unit28 Chart 3 Showing whether PPDA procedure is followed29 Chart 4 Showing relationship among ethics and procurement30 Chart 5 Showin g how low yield has contributed to unethical practices. 32 Chart 6 Findings if there is relationship between ethics and quality of goods procured33 Chart 7 showing whether organization go for a mean of checking unethical practice of employees. 36 ACRONYMS PPDA Public Procurement and Disposal of Public as nocks AuthorityIGGInspector General of Government CHOGMCommonwealth Heads of Government Meeting PDEProcurement and Disposal Entitity SPSSStatistical Package for Social Sciences MOWTMinistry of Works and Transport ISOInternational Standards Organisation ABSTRACT The rationale objective of carrying out this hold was to assess the impact of procurement ethics on the quality of products procured in the public sector a case theater of operations of the ministry of whole caboodle and trasport,and to come up with particular issues that need to be addressed in order to improve their effectviness and efficacy in their procurement activities.The study used cross voice design where e ntropy was gathered practiced once over a stopping point of time in the ministry of full treatment and stock ranging from the period (2000-2010). The research used descriptive research design which places the phenomenon it was undertaken in order to ascertain and be able to describe the characteristics of variables of interest. The study used a sample size of 37 respondents who were purposively selected. Self administered questionnaires and interview guides were the main instruments of study and information was analyzed using frequencies, percentages and graphs using Microsoft excel.Findings on procurement ethics was that there any(prenominal) ethical issues that arise much(prenominal)(prenominal) as bribery, nepotism, tribalism, breaking of confidential information, pres veritable from those in trust in a higher place, awarding of edits to those who are not the best evaluated bidders, contrast of interest, escape of transparency and single sourcing, embezzlement of silver and also harassment this was attributed to esurience and low have a bun in the oven offered to the employees. Findings on quality of products procured were that when the PPDA procurement procedures are followed bulk of the employees were of the view that it contribute to procurement of quality products.Recommendation on the issue of ethics and quality is that procurement officers should al slipway be sensitized on the immenseness of ethics and the society as whole postulate to be educated on the importance of ethics to reduce on the unethical practices by bidder CHAPTER ONE 1. 1Background of the Study According to (Kenneth Lyson 2007) procurement ethics is the principle extradite regime an individual or group concern to what is right or wrong.Ethics is well-nigh fairness deciding what is right or wrong defining practices and rules which underpin responsible for(p) conduct between individuals and group it is a sense of upright both of conviction and action. (Internatio nal standards organization 8402) defines the fundamental scathe relating to quality concepts, it states that quality is the summarizeity of features and characteristics of a product that bears on the ability to satisfy stated or implied needs and they go ahead to give the dimensions of quality as performance, reliability operateability conformance durability esthetics and perceived quality.According to research through with(p) by (Edgar Agbar and Niegel shipman 2006) titled public procurement reform in ontogenesis countries the Ugandan experience, procurement in Uganda consists 70% of the national budget and yet according to the inspector customary of governing 90% of complaints about rottenness in the office are procurement related, and according to the (Afri force out pear tree report 2006) pubic sector losses 268. 6 million dollars directly collect to unethical practices.In 2005 procurement audit carried out by the public procurement and brass application bureau in Ug anda out of the 322 contracts audited and 7 of the contract were clean that is only 2% of the contract reviewed. According to the (parliamentary accounts citizens delegacy report on commonwealth heads of brass face-off 2009) commutationizeing on ministry of flora and gestate close to of the products procured by the ministry were not of the right quality. For example over one one million million million shillings were lost collectable to purchasing of poor social organization materials like asphalt, sand, stones, steel which were not of the right quantity and quality.This was attributed to the lapse in the procurement ethics and procedures. The tender general also pointed on the poor quality of the roadstead and wanted the contracts for construction of those roads all over and presidency money refunded or contractors make good of there workings, because most of the roads constructed or retrace had potholes or ripped and some stretches of the roads poorly through with (p) and not of the recommended design and in some cases the roads were designed and not constructed at all for example the Manyago road (62kms) the Najjanamkumbi-Makindye road 1. km designed by MBW consulting engineers. According to the parliamentary accounts committee on commonwealth heads of government meeting 2009) the ministry of work and transport was responsible for procuring vehicles for transport. The vehicles were to complicate executive vehicles for the majesty and other heads of government, police vehicle and motor cycles, ambulances command and patrol vehicles at personify Shillings 20 billion.This was supposed to be make through a competitive process and the prevail two best evaluated bids were by spear motors and motor care Uganda limited, spear motors had the best bid but the ministry decide to use direct sourcing and the contract was awarded to motor care Uganda limited owned by 56 percentages by a cabinet minister Hon. Kuteesa.The company claimed to be importa tion BMWS from Germany but they were importing them from Austria and Denmark the initials cost was 38,000 euros for a brand new BMW from Germany but the ministry of work and transport spent over 47,000 euros for second hand BMWs from Austria and Denmark which did not conform to the standards set by the procurement entity under the ministry. They were 204 BMWs but it is believed that 174 of he BMWs were not of the required standard.Also Toyota (u) limited was given a direct contract to tag on ambulances at a cost shillings 2,893,469, 700 billion. The ambulances were supposed to be 23 and all of ambulances did not conform to the set standard of quality and specification. They lacked oxygen cylinders, hooks, drug cabinets, emergency lights. Although the manufacturers acknowledged these defects and the low quality of the ambulances nothing was done to rectify the situation. The committee also found out that only 21 of 23 ambulances were delivered. 1. 2 line of the ProblemThe lack of procurement planning, corruption and conflict of interest and policy-making interference has led to procurement of poor quality products in the ministry of works and transport for example minister for works Hon Byabagambi outside of the commonwealth heads of government budget he directed the consultant engineers (M/s Multiplan) to carry out additional works which were not well stated outside the law in total disregard for the law this variation led to a loss of shillings 1. 7billion. This was flouting of the public procurement and governing body authority law.The procurement system in Uganda varies in major way due to the fact that most projects are donor funded institutions like the world bank, international monetary fund and the European union and thereof there is no consistency in the ministry of works and transport for a certain procurement system and creating loopholes for unethical staff to embezzle money through office like defining specification to fit single contractors , substituting specified goods with inferior goods selective release of information to respect contractors, charge for skills below those specified which is causing poor quality world procured. . 3 Purpose of the Study The study is carried out in order to establish the relationship between procurement ethics and quality of products procured. 1. 4 Objectives of the Study (i) To establish procurement procedure used/ followed under the ministry of works and transport. ii) To identify the cause of unethical conduct by procurement personnel in ministry of works and transport. iii) To assess the relationship between procurement ethics and quality of product procured. 1. 5 Research Question i) How are procurement procedures followed under the ministry of works and transport? i) What are the causes of un-ethical conduct in procurement in the ministry of works and transport? iii) What is the relationship between procurement ethics and quality of products procured? 1. 6Scope of the Study Th e scope include three major areas that is 1. 6. 1Time Scope The research result be done between January to June 2011 and the research intends to revolve about on the literature published between 2000-2010 in order to identify the variable problems. 1. 6. 2Subject Scope The study shall be done in the ministry of works and transport and shall concentrate within Kampala city.The people to be interviewed in the study are the employees of the ministry under the procurement section. The contextual scope of this study bequeathing focus on the impact of procurement ethics on quality of products procured. 1. 6. 3Geographical Scope The study will be carried out in the ministry of Works and Transport in Kampala district plot 4/6 Entebbe Uganda. 18 Significance of the Study The research will be significance in the followers ways The study will help improve my skills and knowledge as a researcher in doing research. The study will also help improve the ministry of Works and Transport in ap preciating procurement ethics and thus improving quality of product and services offered by the ministry. The research will also contribute knowledge as literature review to researchers interested in the same area of research. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction This chapter deals with review of the related literature on the study of the variables specifically procurement ethics and quality of products procured in the public sector in Uganda. . 1Ethics Moral principles that govern a persons air or the conducting of an activity, It can also be described as the branch of knowledge that deals with moral principle (oxford dictionary 2001). Ethics can also be described as principle of conduct governing an individual or a profession. (Websters third new international dictionary) (According to Kenneth Lyson 2006) Ethics is the principle of conduct governing an individual or groups, concern for what is right or wrong, good or bad. 2. 1. Procurement Ethics The main principle of proc urement ethics are impartiality or objectivity, point-blankness and full disclosure, confidentiality, due diligence, competence and duty of care, fidelity pro responsibility, avoiding potential or apparent conflict of interest. These can be characterized by accountability, responsiveness, professionalism, transparency, open competition, confidentiality, non discrimination and fair play. (Kenneth Lyson 2006). 2. 2How Ethics is ensured in Public ProcurementEthics in the ministry of works and transport has been ensured through a put in place code of ethical conduct in cable which must be signed by employees which is listed below 1. Employees shall not use their authority for personal get and shall seek to uphold and uphold reputation of the Ugandan government. 2. Employees shall reveal any personal interest that may impinge or might be deemed by others to impinge on employees business dealing. 3. (i) Employees shall respect the confidentiality of information received in the course of business dealing and shall never use such information for personal gain. ii) Information given by employees in the course of business dealing shall be true and fair and not designed to mislead. 4. Employees shall avoid any business arrangement that might retard effective operation of fair competitive. 5. Employees shall not accept business gifts from current or potential government suppliers. 6. Employees shall refrain from any business hospitality that might be viewed by others as having an influence in make a government business decision. public procurement and judicature of public asset authority act 2003) Also there deterrent measures put in place by the (public procurement and disposal authority act 2003)to ensure ethics are maintained in the government ministries like ministry of works and transport where in section 95 a list of offences are listed like colluding to commit two-faced or corrupt act, exerting undue influence on any officer or employee, refusal to answer cite and on conviction one is liable to a fine of 250 up-to-dateness point and each currency is worth 20,000 Uganda shillings or to a term of imprisonment not exceeding 3 age or both. . 3Ethical Issues in Procurement. 2. 3. 1Corruption One of the major factors that affect quality of products procured in the public sector is corruption hardly a(prenominal) activities create greater temptation or offer more opportunities for corruption than the public sector procurement. merely a day will pass by without some other major scandalous public procurement activity in the papers (Pope 2000).For example in the ministry of works and transport out of the 91 billion offered for construction of roads during the common wealth heads of government meeting 21 billion was lost due to corruption by the officers in the ministry (Parliamentary accounts committee report 2009). The main purpose of the procurement procedure is to ensure openness to all stakeholders involved in the procurement exercise s. (Robert 1988) argues that corruption can be equated to the formulae = (M + D A) where corruption equals to monopoly, discretion minus accountability. J M Ntayi 2009) on the other hand notes that corruption in least developed countries occurs when there is motive and opportunity, corruption is a crime of opportunity, the opportunity being institution inefficiencies. Corruption procurement is grand and at alarming levels, the integrity and ethics of procurement staff and those helping out with technical activities is gamely questioned since they do not seem to adhere to any code of ethical conduct to guide there ethical responsibilities.According to (Wade 1995) corruption may increase transaction cost by 50%. A leverager who wants violate the law has a couple of opportunities in his possession through which he can manipulate the process in a desired direction, these include arranging the composition of a tended in such a way that one may avoid the application of tendering procedu res preceding(prenominal) the wand and instead use simplified procedures including designing the technical specification or terms of reference to prefer a certain product or service or to exclude potential bidders.Others are including the award criteria in tender evaluation which are completely irrelevant to the actual procurement and evidently prejudiced towards certain suppliers. Manipulation of the process can include using non- open tendering procedures such as limit procedure or direct procurement , designing contract arrangement with obvious ambition to favor a certain suppliers, accepting false information and misleading documentation from bidders and manipulation of the decision making process (Westring and jadoun 2001).The (World Bank report 2000) rates public procurement as an area of government activity in which the risk of corruption are very high. The World Bank further asserts that to offer total solutions which would continue to deliver advantages and to be respo nsible to the future needs of clients the get wind strength lie in the skills and professionalism of staff. This requires the ability to gain a limiting understanding of the clients business through training and capacity building.It should be noted that corruption in procurement is not exclusive domain of the buyer who controls the purse set up but the supplier or contractor who makes an unsolidated offer can easily initiate it, corruption in procurement also takes form of tailoring specification to favor particular supplier restricting information about contracting opportunities and creating situations of emergencies and urgency so as to use single source bidding simultaneously supplier can corrupt the procurement process by colluding to fix bid harms whirl bribes and impede in the evaluation process and thus affecting quality of goods, works and supplies procured ( Pope 2000). The most shit source of corruption public procurement takes the form of commissions paid or purcha sed items to officials in the procurement process.This practice threatens sound decision making by those involved in the procurement process for the higher commissions the split up the opportunities of purchasing from the firm and thus affecting quality of goods, works and supplies (Vinold journal of trade 2001). The recipients of clandestine money in the case of government contracts are not only public officials but also members of parliament, political parties and their office bearer. The national laws allow such contributions provided the payment are disclosed and are made without panorama of favors, in practice however the business firms making such payments try to bind assurances from the recipient that they would helped by persuading the government the take decisions that would benefit there companies (Vinold journal of world trade, 2001).The (Inspector general of government report 2005) further shows that there has been persistent flouting of the laid down procedures and g uidelines by procuring entities. This has resulted into colossal loss of high sums of public funds and the procurement of goods, works and supplies that barely meet their intended objectives. 2. 3. 2Conflict of Interest (According to Pope 2000) conflict of interest in procurement is the order of the day. This arises when people in the public sector are influenced by personal and pecuniary believeation when doing their jobs thereby influencing their decisions. Decisions are made for the wrong dry lands in favor of people to whom they are close thus impairing the objectivity and independence of their judgments on quality specifications.In procurement when handling a tender, all conflict should be noted recorded and the official involved should then exclude themselves from further involvement in the tender awarding decisions. (Pope 2000) further asserts that the procurement process should have clearly stated and well mum policies and procedures as well as written codes of conduct t o deal with actual, potential and perceived conflict of interest. He is of the view that if a relative is unquestionably the best evaluated bidder they shall be awarded the tender if the correct procedure is followed. In the ministry of works and transport there is a precision for directing sourcing to favor one company supply every time there is a conflict of interest either among the officers involved in procurement or when there is olitical pressure coming from above for example the ministry in 2007 opted to lease vehicles at a cost of 4. 17 billion shillings from motor care Uganda limited for use for a short period of times rather than buying vehicles from motor spears at a cost of shillings 6 billion of which the vehicles would have been completely purchased by the ministry this was a result of cabinet ministers interest in the purchase of the goods (Parliamentary account committee report 2009) Leakage of information during the tendering process is a serious ethical procuremen t issue. This is where some officers leak information to their preferred bidder in advance of the advertisement and afford them an advantage in the preparation of bids. Celentani and Ganuza 1989) consider a procurement problem when potential bidder have private information about their production cost since the procurement agent is also in charge of verifying delivered quality in exchange for a bribe, they argue that the agent can allow an arbitrary firm to be awarded the realization of the project and to evoke a quality level lower than announced. According to (Strombom 2001) government procurement contracts for construction project such as airports deems and highways generate immense opportunities for bribes, kickbacks and other payoffs and this is the reason for the below par works done by the firms awarded the contracts. 2. 3. 3Donor InterestDonor interest sometimes hinders the best practices in procurement, in cases where donor favor firms from their own countries of origin ev entide though there are other firms that can offer superior quality products. In cases of handsome construction and other contracts even after tenders are issued, pressure is applied by foreign government at a high political level for the contracts to be awarded to their companies it is common to hold out a promise for additional provisions of financial aid if the contract is awarded to them (Vinold journal of world trade, 2001). Procuring can pause with contractors by omitting required advertisement or calling for bids with shortened bids submission periods.Splitting of contracts can be done to avoid exceeding threshold set by the tender gameboards. 2. 3. 4Delayment of Funds The ( Inspector general of government report 2002) stipulates that the lack of funds on a timely basis from ministry of finance planning and economic using has also led to procurement malpractices procuring entities claim they cannot advertise tender when they are not sure of the availability of funds from the ministry of finance, planning and economic development so when the funds are received ulterior procurement procedures are not followed in the acquisition of goods, works and services resulting in low quality of goods works and services purchased.Entities usually cite cash flow constraint and therefore end up splitting amount which would require different rules of purchasing, contract for such suppliers are usually renewed broad for much longer period these unethical practices are the reason why the government keeps on procuring low quality goods which do not meet their objectives as a result of lack of competition in the tendering process. 2. 4 Quality (International standard organization) ISO defines quality as the totality of feature and characteristics of a product that bears on the ability to satisfy stated or implied needs and they go ahead to give dimensions of quality as performance, reliability serviceability conformance durability aesthetics and perceives quality. 2. 4. 1Quality of Products (According to Garvin 2007) quality of a product procured can be seen through five approaches which are as follows Transcendent approach quality is absolute and universally recognizable. The oncept is fast related to comparison of product attributes and characteristics. Product based approach quality is a precise and measured variable in this approach difference in quality reflects difference in quality of some product characteristics. User based approach quality is be in terms of fitness for use or how well the product fulfills its intended functions. Manufacturing based approach quality is conformance to specification that is targets and perimeter determined by product designers. Value based approach quality is determined in terms of cost and prices, here a quality products one that provides performance at an acceptable price or conformance to an acceptable cost.Quality is therefore determined by balancing technical consideration such as fitness for u se performance safety and reliability with economic factors including price and availability it is therefore the optimal quality for the application that should be sought rather than the highest quality. Quality of goods procured can be determined by if they meet technical specification, delivery, environmentally sound, quality assurance, and accuracy of documentation speed of reply and guest service. 2. 4. 2Determinants of Quality According to (Kelly and Male 2003) the following are the determinants of quality in purchasing Customer satisfaction another benchmark for quality is the ability to meet customer expectation or even exceeds them. Conformance to specification a product is be deemed to have high quality if it conform the specification spelt like design, size, color, weight.Product attributes This is what leads to certain dimension of qualities for example performance, features, reliability, serviceability, durability safety and aesthetics. Budget cost a product is deeme d to be of quality if it is within cost and its performance is at an acceptable cost. Timing product quality can also be determined by the time which it is delivered on, is it at the right time that was specified or has the product delivery been delayed. Leadership how is the executive team and all the managers inspiring and ensuring total quality for unvarying improvement in the organization. Goals/policy how the companies goals and policies reflect the principle of total quality of products. 2. 4. Public Procurement and Effective Quality Products and Service Delivery. Effective procurement practices are defined as those systems offering a high level transparency, accountability and value for money. (Ministry of defense procurement handout, 2004). The principle aim of procurement should be to obtain goods and services of the right quality in the right quantity from the right source, delivered to the right place and at the least cost and price (Lyson 2000 Telgen 2007). Successful a nd efficient procurement practices are those that meet the need of customers achieve optimum condition and value in regard to allocating of scarce tax payers resources (J. M Ntayi 2009).The practice needs a labor force with effective management skills that develop clear and professional specifications with full knowledge of a competitive process negotiation and monitoring skill. (Hunja Steane et al 2003) continues to say that procurement system implemented with sound management practices in place ensure successful quality and service delivery to stakeholders. The sound practices demand that those responsible for implementing procurement should ensure that the objectives are clear and that quality is carry on (Walker and Sidwell 1996) continues to say performance quality should not be measure on the basis of time and cost only but also quality of product and services as well as other relevant measures.According to research done assessing competitive procurement procedures, findings indicate that it is a fact that competition in public procurement does improve power and effectiveness. Competition is the tenet of a free market providence and it is the basis for cost effective purchasing quality and timeliness. It keeps providers on their toes it is an incentive for innovation improvement in quality and reduction in cost in improves proper allocation of government resources, high quality and timely procurement and budgetary saving. (Lemke 2003) 2. 5Public Procurement Acquisition by purchase, rental, lease, hire purchase, license, tenancy franchise or any other contractual means of goods or services by the government. (Telgen 1998). 2. 5. 1Procurement in the Ministry of Work and TransportPublic procurement is a powerful instrument for the transformation and realization of social economic goals and open and competitive public procurement and contracting procedure begins with the government description of its requirement and initiation of suppliers to indicate thei r interest in the contract and there professional capacity to fulfill it. (Sigma policy brief 2000). The government identifies potential suppliers and invites them to submit bids. The process must ensure that supplier can infarct meet the specification of product quality, delivery dates and continuity. After the bidding phase most procurement system require a public declaration of competitors names and bid price of the successful bidder (Sigma policy brief 2000). The procurement cycle is often high complex process. there is a series of closely interrelated activities between the initial identification of needs and the concluding delivery of quality product and services which requires coordination and quality control to achieve the best value. However this can be undermined by unethical practices by the officers in the procuring entity. (Westing and jadoun 1996) Effective procurement is considered to be a key strategic management tool in driving down cost and improving operational efficiency bandage ineffective procurement wastes money resources and time (Westing and Jadoun 1996). 2. 5. 2Procurement Cycle in the Ministry of Works and Transport The following are the procurement procedures that are followed in the ministry of works and transport as per the guidelines issued by the (public procurement and disposal of public assets authority 2003). ) Procurement plan and budget this procedure is undertaken by the user discussion section, procurement unit, board/ council and the history officer. b) Procurement requisition This is the responsibility of the user department c) Confirmation of available funds the accounting officer is the one to undertake the function. d) Review of specification, procurement methods potential supply market procurement method evaluation criteria and potential supply market. This is the duty of the procurement unit and the user department. e) Procurement methods approval is the responsibilities of the contracts committee. f) breedin g of bidding documents this roles is played by the procurement unit. ) Approval of bidding documents This role is played by the contracts committee h) Advertisement and invitation of bids the advertisement is done by the procurement unit and it should be in a paper of wide circulation. i) Receipt and opening of bids this is the procedure is undertaken by the procurement unit but it must be done in front of bidders. j) Evaluation of bids the evaluation of bids is the role of the procurement unit and the user department which will provide technical inputs. k) Review of evaluation report this is the responsibility of the contracts committee l) Award of contract this is the responsibility of the contracts committee.. ) Signing of contract, communication of awards, administrative review this is the work of the accounting officer he does this on behalf of all the members of procuring disposing entity. n) nail down management and monitoring the responsibilities of contract management and monitoring fall to the user department and procurement unit the user department shall report any departure from the contract by bidders. o) Contract performance evaluation and report the duties will be performed by the user department and the procurement unit. 2. 5. 3Procurement Methods Followed in the Ministry of Works and Transport The following are some of the methods of procurement that are used in the ministry of works and transport to ensure quality products are purchased slack domestic bidding this method is open to participation on equal terms by all providers through advertisement of procurement or disposal opportunity. Open international bidding this method is open to participation on equal terms by all providers through advertisement of the procurement disposal activity and which specifically seeks to attract foreign providers. dependent domestic bidding is the procurement or disposal method where bids are obtained by direct invitation without open advertisement. Restr icted international bidding is the procurement or disposal procedure where bids are obtained by direct invitation without open advertisement and the invited bidders include foreign providers.Quotations and proposals are simplified procurement and disposal method which compare price quotation obtained from a number of providers. Direct procurement is a sole source procurement disposal method which shall be used for very low value requirement. Micro procurement this method is used for very low value procurement requirement. The above methods are recommended by the (public procurement and disposal authority act 2003). According to J M Ntayi (2009) the continuing preference by the ministry of works and transport for direct procurement and micro procurement has hindered competition and thus affecting quality of products and resulting in increased cost. 2. 6Effects of wrong Procurement According to the parliamentary account committee on common wealth heads of government meeting report 20 09)The following are some of the effects of unethical procurement Poor quality of materials purchased. There will be inflated prices. Loss of government funds. Slows down economic in economic development of a country. 2. 7Conclusion In conclusion, the ministry of works and transport is falling behind in implementing effective procurement of quality product as a result of increasing discriminatory and non transparent means of procurement that do not favor accountability this was highlighted in the research by (Edgar Agbar and Niegel shipman 2006) titled public procurement reforms in developing countries.According to them public procurement and disposal of public assets authority act (PPDA ACT 2003) gives the organization the jurisprudence for the following functions advisory, data management, capacity building and audit function so as to improve good governance fight corruption and promote economic development and thus make key changes in procurement in Uganda and thus helping i mprove government function in the statutory bodies, central government and local government, However the organization is not autonomous enough to ensure implementation.. CHAPTER THREE Introduction This chapter discusses how the study will be carried out. It discusses the research design the sampling design, sources of the data, data collection methods, tools, data processing, analysis, and presentation. 3. 1 Research Design The design used will be cross section study where data will be gathered just once over a period of time in the ministry of works and transport ranging from the period (2000-2010).The research will use descriptive research design which describes the phenomenon it will be undertaken in order to ascertain and be able to describe the characteristics of variables of interest. The research sought to rationalise the relationship between procurement ethics and quality of products procured in the ministry of works and transport. 3. 2 Survey Population The survey populati on will include the management and employees of the purchasing function and firms offering technical expertise to the purchasing function, the survey population were of 60 people. 3. 3 Sampling Design Purposive and simple haphazard sampling without replacement will be used. 3. 3. Sampling Size The sample size using the krejcie and Morgan (1970) method will be of 37 members, where the sample will be from the ministry of works and transport and consultant firms offering technical expertise. Table 1 Showing Sample Size Sample group Sample size Procurement office 25 Technical experts 12 Total 37 book of facts uncreated quill data. 3. character of Data 3. 4. 1Primary Data Primary data will be obtained from the ministry of works and transport through the use of interviews and questionnaires. 3. 4. 2Secondary Data Secondary data will be obtained from the already existing information both immanent sources which are found within the organization and external sources were collected from publication and journals. 3. 5Data Collection Methods 3. 5. 1Observation The researcher intends to use none controlled non participant observation where the researcher will not participate and will watch everything from a distance sequence watching the researcher will be noting down the phenomenon. 3. 5. 2SurveyThis will be done through collecting information about the variables that is procurement ethics and the quality of products procured in the ministry of works and transport and technical experts in the sample. 3. 6Data Collection Instrument 3. 6. 1Questionnaire Semi structured questionnaires will be distributed to respondents who will be given time to answer them and return them for solving and analyzing by the researcher. 3. 6. 2Documentary review Secondary data will be obtained from reading already existing notes and taking notes of materials that is related to the research and a conclusion was reached from them. 3. 6. 3Interview guide, internal interviews will be co nducted using open ended questions the interview guide will help the researcher to carry out dialogue that is meaningful. 3. Data Processing Analysis and Presentation 3. 7. 1Data processing. The researchers after gathering the data will edit code classify and tabulate the data. 3. 7. 2Data analysis. The researcher will use computer programs like Microsoft excel and (SPSS) statistical package for social sciences. This will result in computation of certain measures finding the relationships transforming and modeling data in order to highlight useful information. 3. 7. 3 Data presentation. The researcher will put the results of the research into graphs charts and tables into visual way of looking of data. CHAPTER FOUR PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS, DISCUSSION AND INTERPRETATION IntroductionThis chapter presents analysis done in relation to the study objectives and research questions in chapter one, of this report under the offspring procurement ethics and quality of products procured in th e public sector case study of ministry of public works and transport. 4. 1Demographic Characteristics of Respondents Table 2 Showing response rate of respondents Response Frequency region (%) Actual response 33 89. 2 Non response 4 10. 8 Total questionnaires issued 37 century Source principal(a) data Table 2 According to Table 2 above it shows that out of the questionnaires issued the number of response was 89. % which is a good response rate which one can depend on to make conclusion and recommendation and the non response was 10. 8% Table 3 Showing the age of the respondents Age Frequency persona (%) 20-29 13 39. 4 30-39 8 24. 2 40-49 6 18. 2 50 and above 6 18. 2 Total 23 ascorbic acid Source indigenous dataMost respondents were in the age group 20-29 comprising 39. 4 % followed by age bracket 30-39 with 24. 2% with the age bracket 40-49 and 50 and above both comprising 18. 2% this implies that most of the employees are aged 40 years and below. Chart 1 Showing gende r of the respondents pic Source primary election data According to chart 1 above most of the respondents were male comprising 57. 5% and only 42. 5% of the respondents were female this implies more males are employed than females. Table 4 Showing the Level of Education Level of education Frequency contribution (%) Certificate 3 9. Diploma 9 27. 3 Degree 14 42. 4 Post graduate 6 18. 2 Others 1 3 Total 33 one C Source primary data From table 4 above the level of education was found to be as follows those holding a certificate in procurement were 9. 1%, 27. % of the respondents were diploma holders while majority of the respondents were degree holders 42. 4% with 18. 2% being post graduates while 3% were holding other qualification Table 5 Showing Marital status Marital status Frequency Percentage (%) virtuoso 14 42. 5 Married 18 54. 5 Widowed or divorced 1 3. 0 Total 33 degree centigrade. 0 Source primary data From the above table 42. % of the respondents were single while 54. 5% are married with 3% being widowed or divorced this shows that most employees working for the organization are married. Table 6 Showing how long one has worked for the Organization Number of years worked Frequency Percentage (%) Below 5 years 14 42. 4 Between 5 and 10 years 11 33. 3 Between 11 and 15 years 5 15. 2 in a higher place 15 years 3 9. Total 33 100. 0 Source primary data From the above table showing the number of years the respondents has worked for the organization 42. 4% have worked there for below 5 years, 33. 3% have worked for the organization between 5 and 10 years and 15. 2% have worked for the ministry between 11 and 15 years while 9. 1 % of the respondents have worked for the organization above 15 years. 62 Findings on how products are purchased in the organization Chart 2 Findings if purchase requisition used are from the user unit pic Source Primary data From chart 2 above it indicates that 36. % of the respondents strongly concur that purcha se requisition from user units are used, 45. 5% touch that purchase requisition from user units are used while 6. 1% are not sure with 12. 1% disagreeing that requisition from user units are used while none of the respondents disagreed this means that purchase requisitions are used. Table 7 showing whether purchase requisition are handled on time Response Frequency Percentage (%) strongly agree 2 6. 1 Agree 13 39. non sure 8 24. 2 dissent 7 21. 2 potently disagree 3 9. 1 Total 33 100 Source primary data From table 7 above 6. 1% strongly agree there is handling of requisition on time while 39. 4% agree that requisitions are handled on time 24. 2% are not sure whether requisition are handled on time while 21. 2 disagrees with 9. strongly disagreeing this means that purchase requisitions are not handled on time Chart 3 Showing whether PPDA procedure is followed pic Source primary data From chart 3 above 21. 2% strongly agree that PPDA procedure are followed 42. 4% agree that PPDA procedures are followed 12. 7 % are not sure whether PPDA procedure is adhered to with 21. 2% disagreeing that PPDA procedures are followed while 30% strongly disagreeing with the statement this implies that PPDA procedure are followed Table 8 Showing whether procedures followed helps in procuring quality products Response Frequency Percentage (%) strongly agree 11 33. Agree 15 45. 4 Not sure 6 18. 2 protest 1 9. 1 Strongly disagree 0 0 Total 33 100 Source primary data According to table 8 above 33. 3 % of the respondents strongly agree that procurement procedure followed result in procuring of quality goods with 45. 4% agreeing also, 18. % of the respondents are not sure whether the procedures followed results in procuring quality goods while 9. 1 % disagree with none of the respondents strongly disagreeing this implies that the procedure followed results in procuring quality products. Table 9 Showing whether products procured are of quality Response Frequency Percen tage (%) Strongly agree 9 27. 3 Agree 13 39. 3 Not sure 6 18. Disagree 4 18. 2 Strongly disagree 1 3. 0 Total 33 100 Source primary data From the findings in table 9 above27. 3% of the respondents strongly agree that products procured are of quality,39. 3% also agree that the products procured are of quality while 18. 2% are not sure 12. 7% of the respondents disagree goods procured are of quality while 3. 0% strongly disagree.Most employees think that me reason goods, being procured now are now are of quality is because of the PPDA procedures put in place this implies that products procured are of quality. 4. 3 Findings on causes of unethical practice in procurement Chart 4 Showing relationship between ethics and procurement pic Source primary data The presentation from chart 4 above shows that there is a relationship between ethics and procurement because 91% of the respond agreed with the statement while 9% stated that there is no relationship, They gave the main reason be ing that that an ethical person is willing always to conducts himself in a moral way and this guides procurement. Ethics was defined by many as a discipline governing conduct in on organization.Table 10 showing whether weak enforcement measure of procurement law contributes to unethical practice Response Frequency Percentage (%) Strongly agree 9 27. 3 Agree 14 42. 4 Not sure 2 6. 0 Disagree 4 12. 1 Strongly disagree 4 12. Total 33 100 Source primary data According to the results of table 10 above 27. 3% of the respondents thought that weak enforcement measure of the law contributed to unethical practices with 42. 4% agreeing while 6. 0% were not sure 12. 1% disagreed and 12. 1% strongly disagreed this indicates that weak enforcement measures of the law contributes to unethical practices. Table 11 Showing whether moral degradation in the society is a cause of unethical conducts Response Frequency Percentage (%) Strongly agree 8 24. Agree 10 30. 3 Not sure 7 21. 2 Disagree 5 15. 2 Strongly disagree 3 9. 1 Total 33 100 Source primary data Results from table 11 above shows that 24. 2% of the population strongly agreed that moral degradation in the society causes unethical conduct with 30. % agreeing while 21. 2% were not sure with 21. 2 disagreeing that moral degradation in society causes unethical conduct and 9. 1% strongly disagreed this means that the respondents agree that moral degradation of the society contributes to unethical conduct. Chart 5 Showing how low pay has contributed to unethical practices. pic Source primary data According to the presentation in chart 5 above, 45. 5% of the respondents agreed that low pay has contributed to unethical practices with 15. 1% not being sure and 9. 1% disagreeing non of the respondent strongly disagreed that low pay does not cause unethical practices this indicates that 90. % of the respondents agree that low pay contributes to unethical practices. Table 12 Showing whether unethical practice of bidder contributes to unethical conduct by staff Response Frequency Percentage (%) Strongly agree 10 30. 3 Agree 10 30. 3 Not sure 4 12. 1 Disagree 6 18. Strongly disagree 3 9. 1 Total 33 100 Source Primary data According to the results in table 12 above, 30. 3% of the respondents strongly agreed that unethical practice of bidder contributes to unethical practice of employees with 30. 3% also agreeing while 12. 1% were not sure. 18. 2% disagreed that unethical practice of leader contributes to unethical practice of employees while 9. 1% strongly disagreed this gives the implication that conduct of bidder can affect the conduct of procurement staff.Some of unethical practices cited by the respondents include corruption, favoritism, fraud, extortion and sexual harassment, bribery with the respondents citing greed, low payment, and lack of effective reporting system as the main causes of unethical practices 4. 4Findings on the relationship between ethics and quality of goods procured C hart 6 Findings if there is relationship between ethics and quality of goods procured pic Source Primary Data Most of the respondents from the findings of chart 6 above agreed that there is a relationship between ethics and quality of goods procured comprising 94% while 6% stated that there was no relationship. According to the respondents when one is ethical it results to award of bids to best evaluated bidders and that the procurement procedures will be adhered to resulting to procurement of quality goodsTable 13 showing whether the organization code of ethics contributes to quality products being procured Response Frequency Percentage (%) Strongly agree 9 27. 3 Agree 11 33. 3 Not sure 6 18. 2 Disagree 4 12. 1 Strongly disagree 3 9. Total 33 100 Source primary data From table 13 above, 27. 3% strongly agree that the organization code of ethics contribute to quality products being produced with 33. 3% agreeing while 18. 2% of the respondents were not sure, 12. 1% of the resp ondents disagree that the organization code of ethics has contributed to procuring of quality products with 9. 1% strongly disagreeing this implies that organization code of ethics contributes to procurement of quality products. Table 14 showing whether suppliers meet organization specification of quality products Response Frequency Percentage (%) Strongly agree 7 21. 2 Agree 14 42. 4 Not sure 4 12. 1 Disagree 5 15. 2 Strongly disagree 3 9. 1 Total 33 100 Source primary dataThe results in table 14 show that 42. 4 % of the respondents agree that suppliers meet organization specification with 21. 2% strongly agreeing while 12. 1% are not sure. 15. 2% of the respondents disagree that suppliers meet organization specification with 9. 1% strongly disagreeing this indicates that suppliers meet specification Table 15 showing whether unethical practice staff has resulted in procurement poor quality products. Response Frequency Percentage % Strongly agree 10 30. Agree 14 42. 4 Not sure 4 12. 1 Disagree 3 9. 1 Strongly disagree 2 6. 1 Total 33 100 Source primary data From table 15 above 30. % of the respondents strongly agreed that unethical practice of staff have resulted in procurement of poor quality products with 42. 4% agreeing while 12. 1% were not sure. 9. 1% of the respondents disagreed that unethical practice of employees does not lead to procurement of poor quality products with 9. 1 strongly disagreeing this means that unethical practice of staff contributes to procuring poor quality products. Chart 7 showing whether organization have a mean of checking unethical practice of employees. pic Source primary data According to the presentation in chart 7 above 27. 3% of the respondents strongly agree that the organization has a means of checking unethical practice with 48. 5% agreeing, 6. % of the respondents are not sure. With 12. 1% of the respondents disagreeing that the organization has a means of checking unethical conduct of employees with 1 2. 1% strongly disagreeing this implies the organization has means of checking unethical practice of employees. 4. 5Ethics in the Organization An interview with the employees of the procurement Department in the Ministry of Works and Transport (MOWT) the researcher found out that the PPDA act and regulation section 49 and 87 respectively